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However, it is subject to limitations, including tumor hypoxia, low tumor targeting, off\u2010target phototoxicity, and always\u2010on fluorescence. Here, we propose a design strategy for activated nano\u2010PSs (N\u2010PSs) to simultaneously overcome the limitations of PDT, wherein photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) is coupled with an endogenous H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\u2010regulated self\u2010association process to promote Type\u2010I photochemical reactions. Using theoretical calculations, spectral analysis, and microscopic imaging, we verified the generation of self\u2010assembly and occurrence of PeT. And it was also shown that H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S could synergistically inhibit the PeT and self\u2010assembly, reflecting by a 21\u2010fold increase in fluorescence intensity at 635\u00a0nm and 35\u2010fold enhancement of the Type\u2010I photochemical reaction as inferred from O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    generation. Moreover, the most promising self\u2010assembled N\u2010PS,\n                    <jats:bold>Ts3\u2010ONB<\/jats:bold>\n                    , was found to almost completely inhibit tumor growth in mice under two\u2010photon excitation through the synergistic regulation of PeT and self\u2010assembly by endogenous H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S (\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>14 days<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:sup>Ts3\u2010ONB<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:sup>+ Light group<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>14 days<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>Control group<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0\u2248\u00a00.02). As such, the synergistic combination of PeT and self\u2010assembly is an effective design strategy for developing advanced N\u2010PSs that can address some current PDT limitations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202512150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T07:00:17Z","timestamp":1759734017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Naphthalimide\u2010Based Type\u2010I Nano\u2010Photosensitizers for Enhanced Antitumor Photodynamic Therapy: H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    S Synergistically Regulates PeT and Self\u2010Assembly"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songnan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaiwei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beidou","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunsun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University  Seoul 03760 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine Xinxiang Medical University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony D.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Bath  Bath BA2 7AY UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1728-3970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juyoung","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University  Seoul 03760 South Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Innovative Biomaterials Convergence Ewha Womans University  Seoul 03760 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Sessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin  Austin 78712\u20101224 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan International Joint Laboratory of Smart Molecules and Identification and Diagnostic Functions Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. 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