{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:10:27Z","timestamp":1785247827844,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FL200100049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL200100049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005105","name":"Australian Renewable Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CD\u2010014 PRO\u2010724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD\u2010014 PRO\u2010724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005105","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Angew Chem Int Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Intermediate\u2010temperature electrochemical technologies offer a range of important advantages but require high\u2010performance and robust anhydrous proton exchange membranes. Herein, we demonstrate that confinement of phosphonium\u2010, imidazolium\u2010, and sulphonium\u2010based ionic liquids (ILs), within channels formed by stacked monolayers of boron nitride and graphene nanosheets functionalised with polyethyleneimine, provides robust and effective proton conductivity while suppressing bulk diffusion of the IL ions. We propose that the positively charged nanosheets might induce spatial ionic ordering, anchoring anions near the channel walls while concentrating protons and cations along the central region to establish parallel, continuous pathways for rapid proton transfer under anhydrous conditions. The resulting solid\u2010state composite membranes exhibit stable anhydrous proton conductivities of up to 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    S cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 240\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01\u00b0C, outperforming many existing IL\u2010based and polymer\u2010based systems. When integrated into hydrogen\u2010oxygen fuel cells, the [EMIM][NTf\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]\u2010based membrane enables a peak power density of 82\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0mW cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    under anhydrous conditions at 240 \u00b1 1\u00b0C and atmospheric pressure. In a broader context, this work presents a strategy for the design of membranes with properties tailored to a specific application, which can be achieved by tuning chemical structures of the confined IL and\/or functional layers within the 2D channels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.2623863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:02:56Z","timestamp":1780470176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ordered Ionic\u2010Liquid Channels Enable Fast Anhydrous Proton Conduction at up to 240\u00b0C for Fuel Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Mazin","family":"Al\u2010Alawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5990-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiqiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Belotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8607-4196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanmengjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiffin","family":"Oommen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-9659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas R.","family":"MacFarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4729-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang\u2010Long","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3063-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr N.","family":"Simonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9887-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mset.2019.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2021.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2019.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.02.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP04986J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376\u20107388(00)00632\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2012.07.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2008.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/er.7437"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b922650h"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0310519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2010.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Fuel Cell Handbook","author":"Appleby M. F.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20107753(96)02349\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.04.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112339"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2016.1275688"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376\u20107388(03)00193\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mset.2018.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2044337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2007.07.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm050831"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2044337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12020116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017558523354"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fuce.200400020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11100728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2021.115569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.07.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17082-4_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2004.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA02184C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068040u"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.10.098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040732"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.04.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd7687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006247\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea1569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202514029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2gc35449g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289\u2010019\u201003031\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2005.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-014-1880-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051\u2010009\u20109628\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2014.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12648\u2010017\u20101113\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP03549E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2023.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.07.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/MA2007\u201002\/9\/433"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jil.2023.100063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b12123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja102367x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c04882"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am300031k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2015.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452\u20103981(23)19667\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA08244F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501272"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388\u20102481(03)00173\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103\u201050532004000300002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200803446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp208573y"}],"container-title":["Angewandte Chemie International Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anie.2623863","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/anie.2623863","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anie.2623863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:38:14Z","timestamp":1785245894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/anie.2623863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/anie.2623863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.2623863","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-7851","1521-3773"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-7851","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-3773","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2623863"}}