{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:11:41Z","timestamp":1790143901210,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Angew Chem Int Ed"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The ferri\/ferrocyanide redox couple has long served as a benchmark catholyte in aqueous redox flow batteries (RBFs), particularly under highly alkaline conditions. However, the limited alkaline solubilities of commercially available Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    forms constrain the attainable energy density of these systems. Here, we demonstrate that Li\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    substitution substantially boosts the alkaline solubility of ferri\/ferrocyanide, offering a promising route to overcome the long\u2010standing energy density limitation. Complementary spectroscopic and computational analyses reveal a distinct solubilization mechanism in which Li\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    promotes mixed\u2010solvation and aggregate\u2010rich solution structures that sustain highly concentrated, fully dissolved electrolytes beyond the saturation behavior of Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    analogs. When Li\n                    <jats:sub>3\/4<\/jats:sub>\n                    Fe(CN)\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    is paired with polysulfide or organic anolytes, the resulting flow cells demonstrate exceptional cycling stability and energy density in alkaline environments. Using symmetric flow cell configurations, we further elucidate the stability and decomposition mechanisms of the corresponding redox materials, revealing contrasting effects of electrolyte alkalinity: it compromises ferri\/ferrocyanide stability while substantially enhancing polysulfide stability. These findings establish complementary molecular insights into redox materials solubilization and stabilization, providing a mechanistic foundation for developing energy\u2010dense and durable alkaline RBFs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.3588313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:51:04Z","timestamp":1790142664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Boosting Charge Storage in Ferri\/Ferrocyanide\u2010Based Alkaline Redox Flow Batteries"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Mahla Sarfaraz","family":"Khabbaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1731-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuldeepsinh","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sepideh","family":"Biabanialitappeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4599-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. David","family":"Bazak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory  Richland Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nav Nidhi","family":"Rajput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7692-2357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202501689"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smm2.1198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100895"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c00773"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2024.101581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0221601jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.6b00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c01351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ta07955a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202507119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202300707"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c01293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ey00231d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560\u2010018\u20100167\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/Nenergy.2016.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945\u20107111\/ace936"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202203762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.10.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2023.233856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202304667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202412559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2022.101215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2026.111722"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0761158"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic950834w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr990050q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b10751"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50008a027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp511391b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44359\u2010026\u201000189\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.5c06212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic2018693"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0006197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b05664"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945\u20107111\/abf975"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099\u20100534(1999)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/batt.201900056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c00872"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EB00107B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44287\u2010025\u201000153\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.2c00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945\u20107111\/ad36e5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TA05404D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.112429"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries5030052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.227144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0601805jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2025.127316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202014610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.227958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c02449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0891807jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50101a002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC00187A.10.1039\/C8CC00187A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA05756B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es049514e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","unstructured":"P. J.MorrisseyandG. E.Cooley \u201cMethods of Detecting the Onset of Colloid Formation in Particular Sulfur Precipitation \u201d US6617070B1 09\/09\/2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2017.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201030044\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560\u2010021\u201000804\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.270200705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/znb\u20101986\u20101208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5b00524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2005.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie049579q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","article-title":"Cost\u2010Effective Membrane and Advanced Electrode for Stable Polysulfide\u2010Ferricyanide Flow Battery","volume":"2022","author":"Lou X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Material Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TA02794B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0031601jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0681912jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2021.108171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201020009\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8001614"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2136877"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.0c10492"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp511391b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4942771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1025102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","unstructured":"M. J.Frisch H. B.Schlegel G. E.Scuseria et\u00a0al. Gaussian 16 Revision. C.01 ( Gaussian Inc. 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/b12115","volume-title":"Elemental Sulfur und Sulfur\u2010Rich Compounds II","author":"Steudel R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.5c02015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202000059"}],"container-title":["Angewandte Chemie International Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anie.3588313","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/anie.3588313","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anie.3588313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:51:07Z","timestamp":1790142667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/anie.3588313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/anie.3588313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.3588313","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-7851","1521-3773"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-7851","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-3773","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e3588313"}}