{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:09:23Z","timestamp":1788790163380,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025YFF0516402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFF0516402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1203001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1203001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1203002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1203002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2321003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2321003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22335003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22335003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52222310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52222310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21511104900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21511104900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Angew Chem Int Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Inner\u2010shell electron batteries present a promising route to ultrahigh\u2010density energy storage by harnessing the potential energy confined within inner\u2010shell orbitals. While prior efforts have demonstrated the conversion of potential energy into electricity with photovoltaic (PV) modules, a direct correlation between inner\u2010shell electron transition and the resulting electrical output remains obscured by interfering photons. Here, by integrating systematic theoretical analysis of electron transition behaviors with a narrowband\u2010filter\u2010based experimental setup, we demonstrate a photon\u2010mediated energy\u2010conversion framework, exemplified by Mo\n                    <jats:sup>15+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (370.81\u00a0nm), Mo\n                    <jats:sup>16+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (370.85\u00a0nm), and La\n                    <jats:sup>19+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (371.96\u00a0nm) as highly charged ions (HCIs) selected near the peak efficiency wavelength of the PV module, which directly correlates specific electronic transition with power output. After filtering out unrelated wavelengths, we achieve a current response of 2.3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>\u221212<\/jats:sup>\n                    C by capturing 7\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    photons emitted from 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    La\n                    <jats:sup>19+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions. Furthermore, the replacement of the narrowband filter (365\u2013375\u00a0nm) with an infrared filter to collect all emitted photons from HCIs yields an energy density of 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0Wh\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    based on the mass of 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    La\n                    <jats:sup>19+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions, thereby holding great promise for future ultrahigh\u2010density energy storage applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.8135011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:39:32Z","timestamp":1784889572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlating Electronic Transition With Electrical Output to Reveal Photon\u2010Mediated Energy Conversion Mechanism in Inner\u2010Shell Electron Battery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2957-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion\u2010Beam Application (MOE) Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1537-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion\u2010Beam Application (MOE) Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion\u2010Beam Application (MOE) Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peining","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1320-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingsheng","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion\u2010Beam Application (MOE) Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2142-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huisheng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2024.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560\u2010024\u201001676\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560\u2010023\u201001375\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560\u2010024\u201001701\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201060528\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010026\u201010210\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010024\u201001833\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EE04560B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.70471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.51.4.664"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.72.4082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2005.860072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168\u2010583X(89)90386\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"NIST","author":"Kramida A.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3303820"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1674\u20101056\/acf121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2025.109795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.66.042506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.022808"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.85.042501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2013.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2023.128669"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106455\/ac43f4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa2960"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005\u2010023\u201001127\u2010x"}],"container-title":["Angewandte Chemie International Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anie.8135011","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/anie.8135011","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anie.8135011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:14:11Z","timestamp":1788786851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/anie.8135011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/anie.8135011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.8135011","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-7851","1521-3773"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-7851","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-3773","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e8135011"}}