{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T22:26:40Z","timestamp":1762295200105},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]],"date-time":"2005-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5913,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis & Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>This is the first report describing the use of gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry for detection of muramic acid in infected synovial fluid (SF). Muramic acid is a ubiquitous component of bacterial cell walls, and it has been proposed that it could serve as a chemical marker for the presence of live bacteria or bacterial debris in rheumatoid joints. Our goal was to determine whether muramic acid was present at detectable levels in septic SF, since this would serve as a positive control for studies of reactive and rheumatoid arthritis. Muramic acid was found to be present at levels of < 250\u20131, 700 ng\/ml in 12 septic SF samples (10 of which were culture positive for Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and 1 each for Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>). Among these samples, those containing low bacterial colony counts did not contain detectable muramic acid. Muramic acid was also not detected in any SF samples from 20 control patients. We conclude that muramic acid can be used as a marker for the presence of bacterial peptidoglycan in SF. With further lowering of gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry detection limits, determination of the quantities of bacterial debris present in joints of patients with rheumatoid or reactive arthritis will be attainable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anr.1780321012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,14]],"date-time":"2007-02-14T22:40:18Z","timestamp":1171492818000},"page":"1268-1272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mass spectrometric quantitation of muramic acid, a bacterial cell wall component, in septic synovial fluids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Bertil","family":"Christensson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Gilbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198901263200404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.29.2.526-531.1980","article-title":"Muramic acid detection in mammalian tissues by gas\u2010liquid chromatographymass spectrometry","volume":"29","author":"Fox A","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7012(86)90052-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.6.1526-1528.1987","article-title":"Elimination of group A streptococcal cell walls from mammalian tissues","volume":"55","author":"Gilbart J","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.43.3.937-941.1984","article-title":"Qualitative detection of muramic acid in normal mammalian tissues","volume":"43","author":"Sen Z","year":"1984","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780230514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780210507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.146.6.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.2.351-358.1989","article-title":"Systemic injection of group A streptococcal peptidoglycan\u2010polysaccharide complexes elicits persistent neutrophilia and monocytosis associated with polyarthritis in rats","volume":"57","author":"Wells AF","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.1.127-135.1982","article-title":"Measurement of bacterial cell walls in tissues by solid\u2010phase radioimmunoassay: correlation of distribution and persistence with experimental arthritis in rats","volume":"38","author":"Eisenberg R","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00178a015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","volume-title":"Preparation of alditol acetates and their analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, Analysis of Carbohydrates by GLC and MS","author":"Fox A","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.46.7.510"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310405"}],"container-title":["Arthritis & Rheumatism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fanr.1780321012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anr.1780321012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T22:04:37Z","timestamp":1700777077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/anr.1780321012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/anr.1780321012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anr.1780321012","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-3591","1529-0131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-3591","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-0131","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]}}}