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This low\u2010cost, multiplexed sensing approach holds significant promise for early cancer screening in resource\u2010limited settings, with potential applications in clinical diagnostics, remote health monitoring and personalized medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ansa.70057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T14:34:31Z","timestamp":1764340471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Miniaturized Optical Bioassay Towards Early\u2010Stage Diagnosis of Cancer Using Immunosensing of Biomarkers (CA 15.3, PSA and CEA) by Toluidine Blue\u2010Decorated Poly(Methyl Methacrylate): Proof of Concept"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Seyyed Mohammad","family":"Yaghoubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Science  Tabriz Iran"},{"name":"Department of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Tabriz  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Bahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Tabriz University of Medical Science  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4918-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hasanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Science  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1622-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasrin","family":"Shadjou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University  Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01462-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"2552","volume-title":"Significantly Reduced Incidence and Improved Survival From Prostate Cancer Over 25 Years","author":"Serd\u00e0\u2010Ferrer B. 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