{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:06:59Z","timestamp":1789024019591,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013035","name":"Taiwan Forestry Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113AS\u20107.1.2\u2010FI\u201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113AS\u20107.1.2\u2010FI\u201004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Plant Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ex situ spore banks are essential for fern conservation and research, yet traditional germination tests for assessing spore quality are time consuming and labor intensive. We explored whether electrical conductivity (EC), a rapid proxy for seed vigor, could offer an efficient alternative for evaluating fern spore quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using chlorophyllous spores of\n                      <jats:italic>Plenasium banksiifolium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we developed a microscale EC protocol (0.01\u2010g spores, 1\u2010h immersion) to track EC and germination over eight weeks of storage. Spore longevity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was estimated via probit analysis, and correlations among EC, viability, and longevity were assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fresh spores from different individual plants showed varied initial EC (EC\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) values, with lower EC\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      values associated with longer longevity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). During storage, EC values increased over time, while germination percentage declined. The relative EC ratio (EC\n                      <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/EC\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) showed significant negative correlations with germination percentage, with a ratio of ~2 indicating 50% viability loss and ~3 signaling complete viability loss.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The EC test presents a promising approach for rapidly assessing spore viability and longevity. Lower initial EC (EC\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) values predicted greater initial spore viability and longer longevity, likely reflecting differences in spore maturity. The relative EC\n                      <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/EC\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ratio effectively tracked viability loss, supporting its use in improving spore bank management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aps3.70078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:36:34Z","timestamp":1789022194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid assessment of fern spore quality using microscale electrical conductivity testing"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4002-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao\u2010Moan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology Division Taiwan Forestry Research Institute No. 53, Nanhai Road Taipei City 100060 Zhongzheng District Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Wen","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology Division Taiwan Forestry Research Institute No. 53, Nanhai Road Taipei City 100060 Zhongzheng District Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin\u2010Tzer","family":"Duh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silviculture Division Taiwan Forestry Research Institute No. 53, Nanhai Road Taipei 100060 Zhongzheng District Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu\u2010Mei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silviculture Division Taiwan Forestry Research Institute No. 53, Nanhai Road Taipei 100060 Zhongzheng District Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Liang","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbarium Taiwan Forestry Research Institute No. 53, Nanhai Road Taipei 100060 Zhongzheng District Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1372-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu\u2010Tong","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National Sun Yat\u2010sen University 70 Lienhai Road Kaohsiung 804201 Gushan District Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2018.06.011","article-title":"The metabolic roles of free amino acids during seed development","volume":"275","author":"Amir R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Conservaci\u00f3n ex situ de plantas silvestres","author":"Ballesteros D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04711.x","article-title":"Detailed characterization of mechanical properties and molecular mobility within dry seed glasses: Relevance to the physiology of dry biological systems","volume":"68","author":"Ballesteros D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1100257","article-title":"Effects of temperature and desiccation on ex situ conservation of nongreen fern spores","volume":"99","author":"Ballesteros D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.01.003","article-title":"Variation of desiccation tolerance and longevity in fern spores","volume":"211","author":"Ballesteros D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Plant Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-017-1370-9","article-title":"Photo\u2010oxidation modulates green fern spore longevity during dry storage","volume":"133","author":"Ballesteros D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcy217","article-title":"Longevity of preserved germplasm: The temperature dependency of aging reactions in glassy matrices of dried fern spores","volume":"60","author":"Ballesteros D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant and Cell Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1545v43249697","article-title":"Is it possible to estimate longevity through the analyses used to measure the initial physiological potential in soybean seeds?","volume":"43","author":"Batista T. 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