{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:07:01Z","timestamp":1789024021997,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013178","name":"Trafikverket","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRV 2021\/14629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRV 2021\/14629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013178","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Plant Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Road verges function as refuges for semi\u2010natural species, but they can also facilitate the spread of non\u2010native plants such as\n                      <jats:italic>Lupinus polyphyllus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)\u2013based remote sensing is a promising tool for mapping these species; however, its application in roadside contexts remains limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed and evaluated a UAV\u2010based workflow to detect and map lupine presence and density along roads. Red\u2010green\u2010blue (RGB) imagery was processed into orthomosaics and classified using object\u2010based and pixel\u2010based approaches with support vector machines and random forest algorithms under multiple classification schemes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The highest accuracy (88.8%) was achieved using pixel\u2010based random forest classification and a simplified scheme. Flowering purple lupine showed strong classification performance (F1 score = 96.3%), while early\u2010stage greenish individuals were harder to detect (74.5%). Spatial heatmap comparison revealed low overestimation (1.79%) and underestimation (1.47%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Assuming optimal phenological conditions, UAV\u2010based mapping provides a scalable and cost\u2010efficient complement to ground surveys for the management of\n                      <jats:italic>L. polyphyllus<\/jats:italic>\n                      within infrastructure areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aps3.70080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:37:53Z","timestamp":1789022273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping\n                    <i>Lupinus polyphyllus<\/i>\n                    density and distribution along road verges using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)\u2013based remote sensing"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3543-2754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin L.","family":"Blomqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Biology, Karlstad University 651 88 Karlstad Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0755-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan\u2010Olov","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Geomatics, Karlstad University 651 88 Karlstad Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6953-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Lutz","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Biology, Karlstad University 651 88 Karlstad Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6140-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Geomatics, Karlstad University 651 88 Karlstad Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/120150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117693"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2025.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17165183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2005.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-013-0578-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1957.tb03443.x","article-title":"Interspecific crosses in Lupinus. 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