{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:50:16Z","timestamp":1790319016544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,19]],"date-time":"2002-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1029715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anat. Rec."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cadavers remain a principal teaching tool for anatomists and medical educators teaching gross anatomy. Infectious pathogens in cadavers that present particular risks include <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, hepatitis B and C, the AIDS virus HIV, and prions that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann\u2010Straussler\u2010Scheinker syndrome (GSS). It is often claimed that fixatives are effective in inactivation of these agents. Unfortunately cadavers, even though they are fixed, may still pose infection hazards to those who handle them. Specific safety precautions are necessary to avoid accidental disease transmission from cadavers before and during dissection and to decontaminate the local environment afterward. In this brief review, we describe the infectious pathogens that can be detected in cadavers and suggest safety guidelines for the protection of all who handle cadavers against infectious hazards. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:194\u2013197, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,5]],"date-time":"2002-09-05T20:13:29Z","timestamp":1031256809000},"page":"194-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Infective agents in fixed human cadavers: A brief review and suggested guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Deniz","family":"Demiry\u00fcrek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alp","family":"Bayramo\u01e7lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eemsettin","family":"Usta\u00e7elebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10046"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-200103000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1246-7820(06)80014-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90873-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198205273062107"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198612183152517"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.3.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1995.tb00609.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.52.4.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Universal precautions for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and other blood\u2010born pathogens in health care setting","volume":"37","author":"CDC \u2010 Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1988","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190113"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411103311918"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(93)90093-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367777780959274"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199805000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6012.759"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"R61","article-title":"The infection hazards of human cadavers","volume":"5","author":"Healing TD","year":"1995","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.23.6.686"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90351-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"The transmission of hepatitis B by renal transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Lutwick LI","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.3.8810591"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"Variability of tubercle bacilli in embalmed human lung tissue","volume":"59","author":"Meade GM","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am Rev Tuberc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198803313181312"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"1451","article-title":"Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers","volume":"153","author":"Nyberg M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-6-470"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(96)90066-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.3.430"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","first-page":"488","volume-title":"Notes on medical bacteriology","author":"Sleigh JD","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Experiments on the airborne spread of tuberculosis","volume":"42","author":"Sloan RA","year":"1942","journal-title":"NY State J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.6.2.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccination versus isoniazid preventive therapy: A decision analysis to determine the preferred strategy of tuberculosis prevention in HIV\u2010infected adults in the developing world","volume":"3","author":"Sterling TR","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001273420404"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1991.tb01544.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Notes on medical virology","author":"Timburry MC","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1998)11:4<250::AID-CA5>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/21.12.1114"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.10143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.10143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T13:44:34Z","timestamp":1700228674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.10143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,15]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.10143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.10143","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-276X","1097-0185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-276X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,15]]}}}