{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T22:52:22Z","timestamp":1757544742112},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]],"date-time":"2005-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1106697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6934,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anat. Rec."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Embryonic chick mandibles (Hamburger and Hamilton [HH] stages 17\u201325) were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of vitamin A to determine the effect of hypervitaminosis A on membrane bone formation. In normal development, the mandible differentiates a centrally located Meckel's cartilage surrounded by membrane bones. Mandibles cultured without added vitamin A differentiated normally, though the timing of differentiation was retarded from that in ovo. Treatment with vitamin A interfered with skeletogenesis to varying degrees depending upon the initial age of the explant and the concentration of vitamin A. At low concentrations of vitamin A (1 \u03bcg\/ml), neither cartilage nor membrane bone formed in young explants (HH stage 17), whereas cartilage formed in 78% and membrane bone in 11% of older explants (HH stage 25). Higher concentrations of vitamin A (2\u20134 \u03bcg\/ml) inhibited membrane bone formation in all explants, and 4 \u03bcg\/ml of vitamin A inhibited chondrogenesis in most (88%) of the older explants. To determine whether tissue interactions influence this effect of vitamin A on skeletogenesis, mandibular mesenchyme was separated from its epithelium and treated with vitamin A. Under normal culture conditions, isolated mesenchyme (HH stage 25) differentiated both cartilage and membrane bone. Hypervitaminosis A inhibited membrane bone formation in the isolated mesenchyme at all levels tested (1\u20134 \u03bcg\/ml) and inhibited chondrogenesis at levels 2\u20134 \u03bcg\/ml. Hence, vitamin A can act directly upon the mesenchyme to inhibit both membrane bone formation and chondrogenesis, but its action is mitigated by the presence of the epithelium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092140214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,26]],"date-time":"2005-02-26T23:12:45Z","timestamp":1109459565000},"page":"193-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Inhibition of membrane bone formation by vitamin A in the embryonic chick mandible"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Mary S.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Dewitt\u2010Stott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.117.3046.535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.11.2.393","article-title":"The effect of retinol and of retinol binding protein on embryonic skeletal tissue in organ culture","volume":"11","author":"Dingle J. 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