{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:02:59Z","timestamp":1789624979817,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]],"date-time":"2005-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1106697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5170,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anat. Rec."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hensen's node, regarded as the avian and mammalian homologue of Spemann's neural inducer (i.e., the amphibian dorsal blastoporal lip), has been transplanted in many previous studies to the germinal crescent of avian blastoderms to examine ectopic neural induction. All these studies have suffered from one or more major shortcomings, the most significant of which has been the lack of a reliable cell marker to determine the contributions of graft cells to ectopic embryos. In the absence of such marker, induced (i.e., derived from the host) and self\u2010differentiated (i.e., derived from the graft) neurepithelium cannot be distinguished from one another with certainty. We have transplanted quail Hensen's nodes to chick host blastoderms and have subsequently used the quail nucleolar heterochromatin marker to identify graft cells unequivocally. We systematically varied both donor and host ages (i.e., stages 3\u20138 and 3\u20135, respectively) to examine the effects of age on ectopic neural induction and self\u2010differentiation. Our results demonstrate that the age of the donor is more critical than that of the host over the stages examined. With advancing donor age, the frequency of host induction decreases, while the frequency of graft self\u2010differentiation increases. Previous studies not using cell markers have concluded that the craniocaudal level of the induced neuraxis is determined by the age of the donor, that is, young donors induce cranial neuraxial levels, whereas old donors induce caudal levels. By contrast, we found that with grafts from older donors, neurepithelium was more commonly self\u2010differentiated rather than induced and that progressively more caudal levels of the neuraxis self\u2010differentiated with advancing donor age. Induction of caudal neuraxial levels never occurred in the absence of induced cranial levels. The frequency of neural induction was inversely correlated with the age of the donor and directly correlated with the quantity of graft endodermal cells contributed to the ectopic embryo, supporting a previous assertion that in avian embryos, the earliest and principal source of neural inducer lies within the endoderm rather than mesoderm. From our results, we propose that the role of neural induction is to produce neurepithelium of unspecified regional character, and that the formation of regional character depends on subsequent morphogenetic events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092280410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,26]],"date-time":"2005-02-26T20:51:15Z","timestamp":1109451075000},"page":"437-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Formation of ectopic neurepithelium in chick blastoderms: Age\u2010related capacities for induction and self\u2010differentiation following transplantation of quail Hensen's nodes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary C.","family":"Schoenwolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000144303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02114239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02113027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-028609-6.50008-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"693","article-title":"La comp\u00e9tence neurog\u00e9ne du feuillet externe du blastoderme de Poulet en fonction du facteur \u201ctemps","volume":"12","author":"Gallera J.","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morph."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Le pouvoir inducteur de l'carendoblaste pr\u00e9somptif contenu dans la ligne primitive jeune de Poulet","volume":"21","author":"Gallera J.","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morph."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001010106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401500307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.99.3.285","article-title":"Embryonic induction\u2014Molecular prospects","volume":"99","author":"Gurdon J. B.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Hara K.1961Regional neural differentiation induced by prechordal and presumptive chordal mesoderm in the chick embryo. Ph. D. thesis Utrecht."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Organizer\u2014A milestone of a half\u2010century from Spemann","author":"Hara K.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Somite formation in the early chick embryo following grafts of Hensen's node","volume":"51","author":"Hornbruch A.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morph."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"324","article-title":"Studies on the regional responses to inductor of the chick blastoderms of different ages","volume":"8","author":"I\u2010Lan N.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Anat. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Cellular Basis of Morphogenesis. Ciba Foundation Symposium","author":"Jessell T. M.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(73)90600-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Histopathologic Technique and Practical Histochemistry","author":"Lillie R. C.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01926503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"326","article-title":"A new technique for the cultivation of the chick embryo in vitro","volume":"3","author":"New D. A. T.","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Analyse autoradiographique de la localisation des diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9bauches pr\u00e9somptives dans la ligne primitive de l'embryon de Poulet","volume":"23","author":"Nicolet G.","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morph."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-028609-6.50010-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6039(86)90055-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"409","volume-title":"Current Topics in Developmental Biology","author":"Sax\u00e9n L.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"On the morphogenesis of the early rudiments of the developing central nervous system","volume":"1982","author":"Schoenwolf G. C.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Scann. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(85)90353-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902760404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.109.2.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Studies on the inductive action of the Hensen's node following its transplantation in ovo to the early chick blastoderm","volume":"8","author":"Sher\u2010Pu S.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Exp. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental analysis on the reactive capacity of the epiblast of the chick blastoderm","volume":"8","author":"Sher\u2010Pu S.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Anat. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Studies on the inductive action of the Hensen's node following its transplantation in ovo to the early chick blastoderm. II. Regionally specific induction of the node region of different ages","volume":"10","author":"Sher\u2010Dung T.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Exp. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402500107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"599","article-title":"\u00dcber induktion von Embryonalanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren","volume":"100","author":"Spemann H.","year":"1924","journal-title":"Roux Arch. Entwichlungsmech. Org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401060308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315839"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"1964","article-title":"Diversit\u00e9 fonctionnelle de la ligne primitive du blastoderme de Poulet","volume":"158","author":"Vakaet L.","year":"1964","journal-title":"C. R. Soc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"232","article-title":"R\u00e9sultats de la greffe de noeuds de Hensen d'\u00e2ge diff\u00e9rent sur le blastoderme de Poulet","volume":"159","author":"Vakaet L.","year":"1965","journal-title":"C. R. Soc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Neurale inductie bij vogels","volume":"43","author":"Vakaet L.","year":"1981","journal-title":"K. Acad. Gen. Belg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Chimeras in Developmental Biology","author":"Vakaet L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00848524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1932.0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.10.1.38","article-title":"Induction by the primitive streak and its derivatives in the chick","volume":"10","author":"Waddington C. H.","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"The Epigenetics of Birds","author":"Waddington C. H.","year":"1952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00649863"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400750206"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.1092280410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.1092280410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T07:01:47Z","timestamp":1697958107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.1092280410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.1092280410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.1092280410","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-276X","1097-0185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-276X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}}}