{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T19:21:19Z","timestamp":1758396079615},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]],"date-time":"2005-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1106697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4988,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anat. Rec."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have shown that antigen\u2010specific T lymphocytes can mediate maternal\u2010to\u2010neonatal immunity during lactation. Present studies address the dynamics of lymphocyte accumulation in the mammary gland during normal and disease stimulated conditions. Monoclonal antibodies specific for total T cells, suppressor\/cytotoxic and helper subsets, and macrophages were used in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to identify and count the individual cell types. In unstimulated mammary tissue, following a rise in T cells to maximal numbers in late pregnancy, the total number of T cells\/high power field (HPF) was significantly diminished in early lactation and continued to decline to the late lactation period. Both the numbers of T cells\/HPF located in the mammary alveolar epithelium and surrounding connective tissue were significantly reduced in early lactation as compared to late pregnancy. This indicates the possible passage of cells into the milk during lactation. Prior infection of the mother with <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> and a secondary challenge 48 h. before sacrifice caused a significant reduction in the number of T cells in the mammary tissue in early lactation as compared with unstimulated controls, indicating the possibility of an even greater outflow of T cells into milk. In controls, the T\u2010suppressor\/cytotoxic subtype showed a reduction in early lactation versus late pregnancy but showed no shifts in total cells\/HPF during infection. The T\u2010helper subtype in controls remained unchanged from late pregnancy to early lactation with a considerable decline in late lactation. However, the T\u2010helper cells were significantly decreased in <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\u2010treated animals as compared with noninfected controls in early lactation. The population of macrophages declined from late pregnancy to early lactation but remained unchanged between normal and <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092300212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,26]],"date-time":"2005-02-26T20:32:49Z","timestamp":1109449969000},"page":"243-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Immunohistochemical comparison of T\u2010cell and macrophage populations in mammary tissue of control and <i>Trichinella spirails<\/i>\u2010infected rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Shantha N.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Steven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Leonard L.","family":"Seelig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Phenotype of rat natural killer cells defined by monoclonal antibodies marking rat lymphocyte subsets","volume":"45","author":"Cantrell D. 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