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The present immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the presence of nerve fibers in the muscle layers of the lung of the bichir, <jats:italic>Polypterus bichir bichir<\/jats:italic>, and identified the immunoreactive elements of this innervation. Tyrosine hydroxylase, acetylcholinesterase, and peptide immunoreactivity was detected in the intramural nerve fibers. Extensive innervation was present in the submucosa where adenylatecyclase\/activating polypeptide 38, substance P, P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>X<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and 5\u2010hydroxytryptamine (5\u2010HT)\u2013immunoreactive nerve fibers mainly supplied blood vessels. A collection of monopolar neurons located in the submucosal and the muscular layers of the glottis expressed a variety of various transmitters. These neurons may be homologous to ganglion cells in the branchial and pharyngeal rami of the vagus in fishes. Nerves containing 5\u2010HT and P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>X<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor immunoreactivity projected to the lung epithelium. Associated with neuroepithelial cells in mucociliated epithelium, were neuronal nitric oxide synthase\u2013immunopositive axons. The physiological function of this innervation is not known. The present study shows that the pattern of autonomic innervation of the bichir lung may by similar in its elements to that in tetrapods. Anat Rec, 290:1166\u20131177, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,24]],"date-time":"2007-08-24T21:19:33Z","timestamp":1187990373000},"page":"1166-1177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Innervation and Neurotransmitter Localization in the Lung of the Nile bichir <i>Polypterus bichir 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