{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:17:08Z","timestamp":1781281028720,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]],"date-time":"2008-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1200960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anatomically, modern humans differ from archaic forms in possessing a globular neurocranium and a retracted face and in cognitive functions, many of which are associated with the temporal lobes. The middle cranial fossa (MCF) interacts during growth and development with the temporal lobes, the midface, and the mandible. It has been proposed that evolutionary transformations of the MCF (perhaps from modification of the temporal lobes) can have substantial influences on craniofacial morphology. Here, we use three\u2010dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics and computer reconstructions of computed tomography\u2010scanned fossil hominids, fossil and recent modern humans and chimpanzees to address this issue further. Mean comparisons and permutation analyses of scaled 3D basicranial landmarks confirm that the MCF of <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic> is highly significantly different (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) from <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>H. heidelbergensis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>. Modern humans have a unique configuration with relatively more anterolateral projection of the MCF pole relative to the optic chiasm and the <jats:italic>foramen rotundum<\/jats:italic>. These findings are discussed in the context of evolutionary changes in craniofacial morphology and the origins of modern human autapomorphies. In particular, the findings of this study point to variations in the temporal lobe, which, through effects on the MCF and face, are central to the evolution of modern human facial form. Anat Rec, 291:130\u2013140, 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]],"date-time":"2008-01-22T16:17:37Z","timestamp":1201018657000},"page":"130-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Middle Cranial Fossa Anatomy and the Origin of Modern Humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"291","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"O'Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081676"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"A geometric morphometric analysis of integrative morphology and variation in human skulls with implications for the Atapuerca\u2010SH hominids and the evolution of Neandertals. 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Department of Ecology and Evolution State University of New York Stony Brook."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","first-page":"182","article-title":"Basicranial architecture and relative brain size of Sts5 (Australopithecus africanus) and other Plio\u2010Pleistocene hominids","volume":"93","author":"Spoor F","year":"1997","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/17505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1005610"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","volume-title":"Geometric morphometrics for biologists: a primer","author":"Zelditch ML","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00451.2000"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.20636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.20636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T14:27:22Z","timestamp":1759933642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.20636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.20636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.20636","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]}}}