{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:56:08Z","timestamp":1790834168118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,24]],"date-time":"2008-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1224806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavities were studied along with other cephalic spaces (brain cavity, paratympanic sinuses) in certain dinosaurs via CT scanning and 3D visualization to document the anatomy and examine the contribution of the sinuses to the morphological organization of the head as a whole. Two representatives each of two dinosaur clades are compared: the theropod saurischians\n                    <jats:italic>Majungasaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrannosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the ankylosaurian ornithischians\n                    <jats:italic>Panoplosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Euoplocephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Their extant archosaurian outgroups, birds and crocodilians (exemplified by ostrich and alligator), display a diversity of paranasal sinuses, yet they share only a single homologous antorbital sinus, which in birds has an important subsidiary diverticulum, the suborbital sinus. Both of the theropods had a large antorbital sinus that pneumatized many of the facial and palatal bones as well as a birdlike suborbital sinus. Given that the suborbital sinus interleaves with jaw muscles, the paranasal sinuses of at least some theropods (including birds) were actively ventilated rather than being dead\u2010air spaces. Although many ankylosaurians have been thought to have had extensive paranasal sinuses, most of the snout is instead (and surprisingly) often occupied by a highly convoluted airway. Digital segmentation, coupled with 3D visualization and analysis, allows the positions of the sinuses to be viewed in place within both the skull and the head and then measured volumetrically. These quantitative data allow the first reliable estimates of dinosaur head mass and an assessment of the potential savings in mass afforded by the sinuses. Anat Rec, 291:1362\u20131388, 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,24]],"date-time":"2008-10-24T16:07:46Z","timestamp":1224864466000},"page":"1362-1388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["The Paranasal Air Sinuses of Predatory and Armored Dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and Their Contribution to Cephalic Structure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"291","author":[{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Witmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Ridgely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","series-title":"Form and function in birds","first-page":"195","author":"Bang BG","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05634"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2003.10010947","article-title":"Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high\u2010resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Soc Vert Paleontol Mem 7","volume":"22","author":"Brochu CA","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the upper cretaceous","volume":"24","author":"Brown B","year":"1908","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511608377.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.22.3917"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria","volume":"21","author":"Coombs WP","year":"1978","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"456","volume-title":"The Dinosauria","author":"Coombs WP","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400853724"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Sicher and DuBrul's oral anatomy","author":"DuBrul EL","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/382706a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Diseases of cage and aviary birds","author":"Evans HE","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Estimating the masses and centers of mass of extinct animals by 3\u2010D mathematical slicing","volume":"25","author":"Henderson DM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0097"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2003)395<0001:ANSOPG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"HollidayCM.2006.Evolution and function of the jaw musculature and adductor chamber of archosaurs (crocodilians dinosaurs and birds). PhD dissertation. Athens OH: Ohio University."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10524"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/njgpa\/235\/2005\/111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"The paranasal sinuses of higher primates: development, function, and evolution","author":"Koppe T","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[1:OOTHOD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia","volume":"37","author":"Marya\u0144ska T","year":"1977","journal-title":"Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0891296021000050755"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex","volume":"217","author":"Molnar RE","year":"1991","journal-title":"Palaeontograph Abteilung A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Mechanical factors in the design of the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn 1905)","volume":"15","author":"Molnar RE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gaia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","volume-title":"The comparative anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses","author":"Negus VE","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Edmontonia rugosidens (Gilmore), an armored dinosaur from the belly river series of Alberta","volume":"43","author":"Russell LS","year":"1940","journal-title":"Univ Toronto Stud Geol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"312","volume-title":"Dinosaur provincial park: a spectacular ancient ecosystem revealed","author":"Ryan MJ","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[32:CAOMCT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"601","article-title":"The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography","volume":"50","author":"Sanders RK","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20563"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/06059.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The armored dinosaurs of Mongolia [in Russian; Griffith R, translator]","volume":"32","author":"Tumanova TA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans Jt Sov\u2010Mongol Paleontol Exped"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.5.B191"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[1011:NIOTCA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1096-3642.2003.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Nebenh\u00f6hlen der Nase bei den Krokodilen","volume":"7","author":"Wegner RN","year":"1958","journal-title":"Wissensch Z Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1990.tb01865.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052250304"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1997.10011027","article-title":"The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft\u2010tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Soc Vert Paleontol Mem 3","volume":"17","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The encyclopedia of dinosaurs","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"The paranasal sinuses of higher primates: development, function and evolution","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02048"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","first-page":"131A","article-title":"Tyrannosaur brain and ear structure: ontogeny and implications for sensory function and behavior","volume":"25","author":"Witmer LM","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","unstructured":"WitmerLM RidgelyRC.The Cleveland tyrannosaur skull (NanotyrannusorTyrannosaurus): new findings based on CT scanning with special reference to the braincase. Kirtlandia in press."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-76933-0_6"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","first-page":"131A","article-title":"The ear region, cerebral endocast, and cephalic sinuses of the abelisaurid theropod dinosaur Majungatholus","volume":"24","author":"Witmer LM","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.dmfr.4600715"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.20794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.20794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:02:32Z","timestamp":1759939352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.20794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.20794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.20794","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,24]]}}}