{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T17:57:35Z","timestamp":1781373455263,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Activity pattern, the time of day when an animal is active, is associated with ecology. There are two major activity patterns: diurnal (awake during the day in a photopic environment) and nocturnal (awake at night in a scotopic environment). Lizards exhibit characteristic eye shapes associated with activity pattern, with scotopic\u2010adapted lizard eyes optimized for visual sensitivity with large corneal diameters relative to their eye axial lengths, and photopic\u2010adapted lizards optimized for visual acuity, with larger axial lengths of the eye relative to their corneal diameters. This study: (1) quantifies the relationship between the lizard eye and its associated bony anatomy (the orbit, sclerotic ring, and associated skull widths); (2) investigates how activity pattern is reflected in that bony anatomy; and (3) determines if it is possible to reliably interpret activity pattern for a lizard that does not have the soft tissue available for study, specifically, for a fossil. Knowledge of extinct lizards' activity patterns would be useful in making paleoecological interpretations. Here, 96 scotopic\u2010 and photopic\u2010adapted lizard species are analyzed in a phylogenetic context. Although there is a close relationship between the lepidosaur eye and associated bony anatomy, based on these data activity pattern cannot be reliably interpreted for bony\u2010only specimens, such as a fossil, possibly because of the limited ossification of the lepidosaur skull. Caution should be exercised when utilizing lizard bony anatomy to interpret light\u2010level adaptation, either for a fossil lizard or as part of an extant phylogenetic bracket to interpret other extinct animals with sclerotic rings, such as dinosaurs. Anat Rec, 292:798\u2013812, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,8]],"date-time":"2009-06-08T11:47:04Z","timestamp":1244461624000},"page":"798-812","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Relationship Between the Lizard Eye and Associated Bony Features: A Cautionary Note for Interpreting Fossil Activity Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"292","author":[{"given":"Margaret I.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0652"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(02)00024-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"CartmillM.1970.The orbits of arboreal mammals: a reassessment of the arboreal theory of primate evolution. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation University of Chicago Chicago Illinois."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1655\/0733-1347(2003)017[0145:ELABIT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Reptiles and amphibians of Australia","author":"Cogger HG","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians","author":"Cogger HG","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330160103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1466975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2005)025[0330:IEPICI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1447965"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20639"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10479"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20718"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2001)310<0001:AMPOTP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1997.0456"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"Using SPSS for windows: analyzing and understanding data","author":"Green SB","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"The biology and evolution of australian lizards","author":"Greer AE","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"Hair JF","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2004.00393.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"67A","article-title":"A new approach for inferring activity pattern in avians using the orbit and sclerotic ring","volume":"24","author":"Hall MI","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","unstructured":"HallMI.2005.The roles of function and phylogeny in the morphology of the diapsid visual system. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00897.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"e204","article-title":"Inferring binocular visual field overlap in non\u2010avian dinosaurs based on an extant avian scaling model","volume":"46","author":"Hall MI","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051770304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(93)90124-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198546412.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0447"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8873-7_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66468-7_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.JGS.1870.026.01-02.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(77)80040-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200010)113:2<235::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2000.00404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","volume-title":"Animal eyes","author":"Land MF","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","first-page":"451","volume-title":"Assembling the tree of life","author":"Lee MSY","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1999.0615"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","unstructured":"MaddisonWP MaddisonDR.2003. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 1.05. Available at:http:\/\/mesquiteproject.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00619338"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Form and function in birds, Vol. 3","author":"Martin GR","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","volume-title":"Birds by night","author":"Martin GR","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","volume-title":"Lizards of the world","author":"Mattison C","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2005.00546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330180406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45435"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.2001.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","volume-title":"Lizards: windows to the evolution of diversity","author":"Pianka ER","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2992383"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","volume-title":"Manual of ornithology: avian structure and function","author":"Proctor NS","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-249405-5.50009-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05668.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2002)365<0001:PROWLO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z84-279"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","first-page":"104A","article-title":"Vision characteristics of Coelophysis bauri based on sclerotic ring, orbit, and skull morphology","volume":"24","author":"Rinehart L","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vert Paleo"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","unstructured":"RitlandS.1982.The allometry of the vertebrate eye. Ph.D. thesis University of Chicago Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00093-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","volume-title":"Osteology of the reptiles","author":"Romer AS","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.29.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Primate origins and adaptations","author":"Ross CF","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Inferring the retinal anatomy and visual capacities of extinct vertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Rowe MP","year":"2000","journal-title":"Palaeontol Electron"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","first-page":"137A","article-title":"Inference of diel activity pattern suggests complex temporal resource and habitat partitioning among Mesozoic archosaurs","volume":"28","author":"Schmitz L","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vert Paleo"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","first-page":"142A","article-title":"Diel activity pattern of Archaeopteryx","volume":"27","author":"Schmitz L","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vert Paleo"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1998.0541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1655\/02-48"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","volume-title":"Handbook of lizards: lizards of the United States and of Canada","author":"Smith HM","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal RR","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Effect of enucleation of one eye in childhood on the subsequent development of the face","volume":"59","author":"Taylor WOG","year":"1939","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.Supplement.141","article-title":"The developmental specification of the vertebrate skull","volume":"103","author":"Thorogood P","year":"1988","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Growth of eyes and orbits in chicken embryo. VIII. Development of skull in embryos of 12\u201317 days with artificially induced bilatera micropthalmia","volume":"12","author":"Tonneyckmuller I","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Morphol Neerl Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.2001.1076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","series-title":"Biology of the reptilia","first-page":"1","author":"Underwood G","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000307919"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(02)00313-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.7369"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Eye size in geckos of various ecological types","volume":"18","author":"Werner YL","year":"1969","journal-title":"Israel J 2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(03)00142-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150050207447"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.20889","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.20889","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T18:01:02Z","timestamp":1759946462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.20889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,22]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.20889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.20889","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,22]]}}}