{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:53:13Z","timestamp":1790765593960,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]],"date-time":"2009-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inertial properties of animal bodies and segments are critical input parameters for biomechanical analysis of standing and moving, and thus are important for paleobiological inquiries into the broader behaviors, ecology and evolution of extinct taxa such as dinosaurs. But how accurately can these be estimated? Computational modeling was used to estimate the inertial properties including mass, density, and center of mass (COM) for extant crocodiles (adult and juvenile <jats:italic>Crocodylus johnstoni<\/jats:italic>) and birds (<jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic>; junglefowl and broiler chickens), to identify the chief sources of variation and methodological errors, and their significance. High\u2010resolution computed tomography scans were segmented into 3D objects and imported into inertial property estimation software that allowed for the examination of variable body segment densities (e.g., air spaces such as lungs, and deformable body outlines). Considerable biological variation of inertial properties was found within groups due to ontogenetic changes as well as evolutionary changes between chicken groups. COM positions shift in variable directions during ontogeny in different groups. Our method was repeatable and the resolution was sufficient for accurate estimations of mass and density in particular. However, we also found considerable potential methodological errors for COM related to (1) assumed body segment orientation, (2) what frames of reference are used to normalize COM for size\u2010independent comparisons among animals, and (3) assumptions about tail shape. Methods and assumptions are suggested to minimize these errors in the future and thereby improve estimation of inertial properties for extant and extinct animals. In the best cases, 10%\u201315% errors in these estimates are unavoidable, but particularly for extinct taxa errors closer to 50% should be expected, and therefore, cautiously investigated. Nonetheless in the best cases these methods allow rigorous estimation of inertial properties. Anat Rec, 292:1442\u20131461, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]],"date-time":"2009-08-26T23:53:36Z","timestamp":1251330816000},"page":"1442-1461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Variation in Center of Mass Estimates for Extant Sauropsids and its Importance for Reconstructing Inertial Properties of Extinct Archosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"292","author":[{"given":"Vivian","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Paxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1985.tb00871.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00033-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004532"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.22.3917","article-title":"Influence of rotational inertia on turning performance of theropod dinsosaurs: clues from humans with increased rotational inertia","volume":"204","author":"Carrier DR","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1977.233.5.R243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.15.4.418","article-title":"Precision of the estimation of human limb inertial parameters","volume":"15","author":"Challis JH","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0361.2002.02021.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.018044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199604)99:4<547::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00178-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00076-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001200104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1975.tb01405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.97.1.23","article-title":"Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. II. Kinetic energy changes of the limbs and body as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals","volume":"79","author":"Fedak MA","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.26.12505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-007-0234-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90171-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Estimating the masses and centers of mass of extinct animals by 3\u2010D mathematical slicing","volume":"25","author":"Henderson DM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z03-122"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Tipsy punters: sauropod dinosaur pneumaticity, buoyancy and aquatic habits","volume":"271","author":"Henderson DM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[907:BGCOMS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"S57","article-title":"Tyrannosaurus en pointe: allometry minimized rotational inertia of large theropod dinosaurs","volume":"271","author":"Henderson DM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90006-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10241"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00588.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90069-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90004-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35021041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(96)00186-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90022-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2005.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","unstructured":"ManionBL.1984.The effects of size and growth on hindlimb locomotion in the chicken; Ph.D. Thesis. Chicago: University of Illinois."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2001)027<0735:EBMFST>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90319-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00161-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(99)00011-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.889187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114942"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90061-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/06059.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.174.1.155","article-title":"Correlation of the position of body center of mass with butterfly escape tactics","volume":"174","author":"Srygley RB","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90182-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.14.2135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9780001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)80012-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90370-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","first-page":"1152","volume-title":"Biomechanics VIII\u2010B","author":"Zatsiorsky V","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1442557"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.20973","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.20973","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T13:28:49Z","timestamp":1759930129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.20973"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.20973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.20973","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]]}}}