{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:37:54Z","timestamp":1782491874524,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,6]],"date-time":"2009-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tooth eruption and the development of occlusion are significant ontogenetic changes in the masticatory apparatus of mammals. Here, we test the hypothesis that changes in masseter activity are correlated with increased occlusal contacts at major stages of dental development in the alpaca, <jats:italic>Lama pacos<\/jats:italic>. We compare electromyographic data from the superficial and deep masseter in infant and juvenile alpacas prior to and following m1 occlusion and from adults with full permanent dentitions. The pre\u2010m1 and post\u2010m1 occlusion groups exhibit similar masseter activity durations, chewing cycle durations, and with the exception of the balancing\u2010side deep masseter, similar timing differences between the jaw muscles. On average, the balancing\u2010side deep masseter fires significantly later in the post\u2010m1 occlusion group. The m2\u2013m3 group exhibits significantly longer chewing cycle length and an even later firing balancing\u2010side deep masseter. Increased occlusion is also associated with an increase in the relative amount of working\u2010side superficial and deep masseter muscle activity when compared with the balancing side muscles. Although the development of occlusal relations in infant and juvenile alpacas are associated with minor changes in masseter activation patterns, additional molar occlusal contacts increase chewing cycle duration resulting in concomitant changes in masseter recruitment patterns. Currently, we cannot rule out that musculoskeletal development influences masseter activity as demonstrated in other mammals. However, the data presented here indicate that alpacas have a relatively delayed onset of the adult motor pattern that may be correlated with changes in occlusal relations due to tooth eruption. Anat Rec, 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,6]],"date-time":"2009-11-06T11:02:40Z","timestamp":1257505360000},"page":"126-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Occlusal Development and Masseter Activity in Alpacas (<i>Lama pacos<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Susan H.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Sidote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin K.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Mastication in pygmy goats (Capra hircus)","volume":"105","author":"De Vree F","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Soc R Zool Belg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ungulate cheek teeth: developmental, functional and evolutionary interactions","volume":"180","author":"Fortelius M","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Zool Fenn"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Medicine and surgery of South American Camelids","author":"Fowler M","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2704"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345770560111701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/25.2.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Postnatal development of masticatory muscle function","volume":"30","author":"Herring SW","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fortschr Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051410405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402370206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(94)90364-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330640102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/25.2.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330940407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330720304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199811)107:3<257::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200008)112:4<469::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542336.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(91)90293-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(88)90217-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100903"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051650303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Preweaning feeding mechanisms in the rabbit","volume":"18","author":"Langenbach GEJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Dev Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690010201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(01)00043-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092300313"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200008)112:4<517::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511735011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-5712(77)90117-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","volume-title":"Recent advances in anesthetic management of large domestic animals","author":"Mama K","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The chewing apparatus: an electromyographic study of the action of the muscles of mastication and its correlation to facial morphology","volume":"280","author":"M\u00f8ller E","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","unstructured":"StoverKK WilliamsSH.2009. 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