{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:51:52Z","timestamp":1791337912990,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,6]],"date-time":"2009-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rudimentary characteristic of the eyes of fossorial animals raises some questions regarding its evolution and functionality. Would these eyes result from atrophy or from stagnated development? How would its visual function work? Anatomical investigations of these organs are the fundamental preamble to answer those questions, which are still little explored by the literature. In this article we have studied anatomical aspects of the eyes of three species of fossorial reptiles, within the suborder Amphisbaena (Amphisbaena alba, Amphisbaena mertensi, Leposternon infraorbitale), as well as a species within the ophidian suborder (Typhlops brongersmianus). The minuscule eyes (1\u20132 mm diameter) were visualized through a scale, a translucent area which corresponds to the spectacle. This spectacle is a thinner and transparent scale, covering a conjunctival sac. The retrobulbar space was filled with the harderian gland. The eyes of Typhlops presented an oval shape, whereas Amphisbaena specimens presented cup\u2010shaped eyes. In Amphisbaenian sclera is comprised of cartilage, while the thin sclera of Typhlops consists of connective tissue and striated muscle fibers. The retina presented all the typical layers found in vertebrates, regardless the species. The characteristics involved in the fossil adaptation of these species include: reduced size of the eyeball, rudimentary cornea, absence of the anterior chamber, presence of a complex iris\u2010ciliary body, and lens with amorphous nucleate cells. The analysis of the eye morphology of these animals suggests that there might be a specific function concerning light perception. Anat Rec, 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,6]],"date-time":"2009-11-06T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1257505343000},"page":"351-357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Rudimentary Eyes of Squamate Fossorial Reptiles (Amphisbaenia and Serpentes)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Giselle","family":"Foureaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizue Imoto","family":"Egami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Jared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Maria","family":"Antoniazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robson Campos","family":"Gutierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Luiz","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03248.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2001.19830265.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00394860"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Sensory adaptations in subterranean mammals","volume":"335","author":"Burda H","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"2374","article-title":"The retina of Spalax ehrenbergi: novel histologic features supportive of a modified photosensory role","volume":"43","author":"Cernuda\u2010Cernuda R","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02485.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/361156a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903280302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/3656"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.7241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"EigenmannCH.1909.Cave vertebrates of America. Apud Duke\u2010Elder S. 1958 op. cit."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Studies on amphisbaenids (Amphisbaena, Reptilia) 1. A taxonomic revision of theTrogonophinae and functional interpretation of the amphisbaenid adaptive pattern","volume":"119","author":"Gans C","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1978.tb00376.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200208070-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903460206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"A possible advantage of displaying the tail: a comparison between the tail and body integument structure in Amphisbaena alba and Leposternon microcephalum (Squamata, Amphisbaenia)","volume":"2","author":"Jared C","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Sci Natur"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"A formaldehyde\u2010glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolality for use in electron microscopy","volume":"27","author":"Karnovsky MJ","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Vascularity in the reptilian spectacle","volume":"15","author":"Mead AW","year":"1976","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000006653"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1535488"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"A Vida Dos Vertebrados","author":"Pough FH","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415493a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"1398","article-title":"The eye of the blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi: rudiment with hidden function?","volume":"31","author":"Sanyal S","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"531","article-title":"Comparative morphology of the visual system of some Japanese species of Soricoidea (Superfamily) in relation to life habits","volume":"18","author":"Sato Y","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Hirnforsch"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10383"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","volume-title":"The Vertebrate Eye","author":"Walls GL","year":"1942"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.21021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.21021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T21:07:56Z","timestamp":1759957676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.21021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.21021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.21021","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,25]]}}}