{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:50:05Z","timestamp":1787881805055,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,22]],"date-time":"2010-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The facial glands of bats are modified skin glands, whereas there are up to three different orbital glands: Harderian, lacrimal, and Meibomian glands. Scattered studies have described the lacrimal and Meibomian glands in a handful of bat species, but there is as yet no description of a Harderian gland in bats. In this study we examined serial sections of orbitofacial glands in eight families of bats. Much variation amongst species was observed, with few phylogenetic patterns emerging. Enlarged facial glands, either sudoriparous (five genera) or sebaceous (vespertilionids only) were observed. Meibomian and lacrimal glands were present in most species examined (except <jats:italic>Antrozous<\/jats:italic>), though the relative level of development varied. Two types of anterior orbital glands were distinguished: the Harderian gland (tubulo\u2010acinar: observed in <jats:italic>Rousettus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Atribeus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Desmodus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Miniopterus<\/jats:italic>) and caruncular (sebaceous: observed in <jats:italic>Eptesicus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dieamus<\/jats:italic>). The relative development of the nasolacrimal duct and the vomeronasal organ did not appear to be correlated with the development of any of the exocrine glands examined. There does, however, appear to be a correlation between the presence of at least one well developed exocrine gland and the level of communality and known olfactory acuity, best documented in <jats:italic>Artibeus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Desmodus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Miniopterus<\/jats:italic>. Anat Rec 293:1433\u20131448, 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,22]],"date-time":"2010-07-22T11:25:27Z","timestamp":1279797927000},"page":"1433-1448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Orbitofacial Glands of Bats: An Investigation of the Potential Correlation of Gland Structure with Social Organization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Rehorek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunwar 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