{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:34:35Z","timestamp":1791380075960,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,2]],"date-time":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In nonavian dinosaur long bones, the once\u2010living chondroepiphysis (joint surface) overlay a now\u2010fossilized calcified cartilage zone. Although the shape of this zone is used to infer nonavian dinosaur locomotion, it remains unclear how much it reflects chondroepiphysis shape. We tested the hypothesis that calcified cartilage shape reflects the overlying chondroepiphysis in extant archosaurs. Long bones with intact epiphyses from American alligators (<jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>), helmeted guinea fowl (<jats:italic>Numida meleagris<\/jats:italic>), and juvenile ostriches (<jats:italic>Struthio camelus<\/jats:italic>) were measured and digitized for geometric morphometric (GM) analyses before and after chondroepiphysis removal. Removal of the chondroepiphysis resulted in significant element truncation in all examined taxa, but the amount of truncation decreased with increasing size. GM analyses revealed that <jats:italic>Alligator<\/jats:italic> show significant differences between chondroepiphysis shape and the calcified cartilage zone in the humerus, but display nonsignificant differences in femora of large individuals. In <jats:italic>Numida<\/jats:italic>, GM analysis shows significant shape differences in juvenile humeri, but humeri of adults and the femora of all guinea fowl show no significant shape difference. The juvenile <jats:italic>Struthio<\/jats:italic> sample showed significant differences in both long bones, which diminish with increasing size, a pattern confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging scans in an adult. Our data suggest that differences in extant archosaur long bone shape are greater in elements not utilized in locomotion and related stress\u2010inducing activities. Based on our data, we propose tentative ranges of error for nonavian dinosaur long bone dimensional measurements. We also predict that calcified cartilage shape in adult, stress\u2010bearing nonavian dinosaur long bones grossly reflects chondroepiphysis shape. Anat Rec, 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,3]],"date-time":"2010-11-03T00:37:45Z","timestamp":1288744665000},"page":"2044-2055","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Calcified cartilage shape in archosaur long bones reflects overlying joint shape in stress\u2010bearing elements: Implications for nonavian dinosaur locomotion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Bonnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Sandrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Nishiwaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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