{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:30:06Z","timestamp":1786977006912,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,12]],"date-time":"2010-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1289520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Unlike extant birds and mammals, most non\u2010avian theropods had large muscular tails, with muscle arrangements similar to those of modern reptiles. Examination of ornithomimid and tyrannosaurid tails revealed sequential diagonal scarring on the lateral faces of four or more hemal spines that consistently correlates with the zone of the tail just anterior to the disappearance of the vertebral transverse processes. This sequential scarring is interpreted as the tapering boundary between the insertions of the\n                    <jats:italic>M. caudofemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the\n                    <jats:italic>M. ilioischiocaudalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Digital muscle reconstructions based on measurements of fossil specimens and dissections of modern reptiles showed that the\n                    <jats:italic>M. caudofemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    of many non\u2010avian theropods was exceptionally large. These high caudofemoral mass estimates are consistent with the elevation of the transverse processes of the caudal vertebra above the centrum, which creates an enlarged hypaxial region. Dorsally elevated transverse processes are characteristic of even primitive theropods and suggest that a large\n                    <jats:italic>M. caudofemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a basal characteristic of the group. In the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrannosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the mass of the\n                    <jats:italic>M. caudofemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was further increased by dorsoventrally lengthening the hemal arches. The expanded\n                    <jats:italic>M. caudofemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    of\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrannosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    may have evolved as compensation for the animal's immense size. Because the\n                    <jats:italic>M. caudofemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the primary hind limb retractor, large\n                    <jats:italic>M. caudofemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    masses and the resulting contractile force and torque estimates presented here indicate a sizable investment in locomotive muscle among theropods with a range of body sizes and give new evidence in favor of greater athleticism, in terms of overall cursoriality, balance, and turning agility. Anat Rec,, 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,12]],"date-time":"2010-11-12T10:45:36Z","timestamp":1289558736000},"page":"119-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The Tail of\n                    <i>Tyrannosaurus<\/i>\n                    : Reassessing the Size and Locomotive Importance of the\n                    <i>M. caudofemoralis<\/i>\n                    in Non\u2010Avian Theropods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"294","author":[{"suffix":"IV","given":"W. 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