{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T20:18:18Z","timestamp":1769631498999,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]],"date-time":"2011-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cranial parasympathetic ganglia have been reported to paradoxically contain the sympathetic nerve marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in addition to neurons expressing parasympathetic markers such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, the distribution of these molecules in the cranial ganglia of human fetuses has not yet been examined. Using paraffin sections from 10 mid\u2010term human fetuses (12\u201315 weeks), we performed immunohistochemistry for TH, VIP, and nNOS in the parasympathetic ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, and submandibular ganglia, and for comparison, the sensory inferior vagal ganglion. The ciliary and submandibular ganglia contained abundant TH\u2010positive neurons. In the former, TH\u2010positive neurons were much more numerous than nNOS\u2010positive neurons, whereas in the latter, nNOS immunoreactivity was extremely strong. No or a few cells in the pterygopalatine, otic, and inferior vagal ganglia expressed TH. Ciliary TH neurons appeared to compensate for classically described sympathetic fibers arising from the superior cervical ganglion, whereas in the submandibular ganglion, nNOS\u2010positive neurons as well as TH neurons might innervate the lingual artery in addition to the salivary glands. Significant individual variations in the density of all these markers suggested differences in sensitivity to medicine affecting autonomic nerve function. Consequently, in the human cranial autonomic ganglia, it appears that there is no simple dichotomy between sympathetic and parasympathetic function. Anat Rec, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]],"date-time":"2011-11-18T01:58:50Z","timestamp":1321581530000},"page":"141-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Reconsideration of the Autonomic Cranial Ganglia: An Immunohistochemical Study of Mid\u2010Term Human Fetuses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Kiyokawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Katori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang Ho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuaki","family":"Kawase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baik Hwan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.451576"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02388306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(96)00042-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.215.4537.1198"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"557","volume-title":"Gray's anatomy","author":"Berkovitz BKB","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09711.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901250207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90312-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302967"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(02)00258-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.06.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20956"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-006-0156-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/304547a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00299-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.4.2030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Specific cellular expression of monoamine oxisase B during early stages of quail embryogenesis","volume":"75","author":"Levitt P","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00218883"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0624"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21089"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"793","article-title":"A study of the structure and function of the submandibular ganglion","volume":"24","author":"Ng YK","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"396","volume-title":"Human embryology and teratology","author":"O'Rahilly R","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(99)80062-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.5.1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00115-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"A light\u2010 and electron microscopic study of tyrosine hydroxylase\u2010like immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglion of monkey and cat","volume":"10","author":"Tan CK","year":"1995","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-01-00029.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181837a11"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90046-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01260-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)91519-8"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.21516","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.21516","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:14:44Z","timestamp":1759936484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.21516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.21516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.21516","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]}}}