{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:36:31Z","timestamp":1761323791023,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,21]],"date-time":"2011-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a comprehensive analysis of the expression of transforming growth factor <jats:italic>(TGF) \u03b22<\/jats:italic> during chick embryogenesis from stage 6 to 30 (Hamburger and Hamilton, J Morphol 1951;88:49\u201392) using <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization. During cardiogenesis, <jats:italic>Tgf\u03b22<\/jats:italic> was expressed in the endothelial\/mesenchymal cells of the valvulo\u2010septal endocardial cushion tissue and in the epicardium until the end of embryogenesis. During the formation of major arteries, <jats:italic>Tgf\u03b22<\/jats:italic> was localized in smooth muscle progenitors but not in the vascular endothelium. During limb development, <jats:italic>Tgf\u03b22<\/jats:italic> was expressed in the mesenchymal cells in the presumptive limb regions at stage 16, and thereafter it was localized in the skeletal muscle progenitors. In addition, strong <jats:italic>Tgf\u03b22<\/jats:italic> expression was seen in the mesenchymal cells in the pharyngeal arches. <jats:italic>Tgf\u03b22<\/jats:italic> mRNA was also detected in other mesoderm\u2010derived tissues, such as the developing bone and pleura. During ectoderm development, <jats:italic>Tgf\u03b22<\/jats:italic> was expressed in the floor plate of the neural tube, lens, optic nerve, and otic vesicle. In addition, <jats:italic>Tgf\u03b22<\/jats:italic> was expressed in the developing gut epithelium. Our results suggest that TGF\u03b22 plays an important role not only in epithelial\u2010mesenchymal interactions but also in cell differentiation and migration and cell death during chick embryogenesis. We also found that chick and mouse <jats:italic>Tgf\u03b22<\/jats:italic> RNA show very similar patterns of expression during embryogenesis. Chick embryos can serve as a useful model to increase our understanding in the roles of TGF\u03b22 in cell\u2013cell interactions, cell differentiation, and proliferation during organogenesis. Anat Rec, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,21]],"date-time":"2011-12-21T02:49:28Z","timestamp":1324435768000},"page":"257-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Expression of the <i>Tgf<\/i>\u03b2<i>2<\/i> Gene During Chick Embryogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Yamagishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.108.4.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"667","volume-title":"The TGF\u2010\u03b2 family","author":"Alliston E","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001990103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01907"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.22.2745"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199704)208:4<505::AID-AJA6>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1710"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0070175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008230"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"179","volume-title":"TGF\u2010\u03b2 Bioavailability: latency, targeting, and activation","author":"Dabovic B","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2004.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5213","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.23.5213","article-title":"Delta 1\u2010activated notch inhibits muscle differentiation without affecting Myf5 and Pax3 expression in chick limb myogenesis","volume":"127","author":"Delfini MC","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.6.1845"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.117.2.625","article-title":"RNA and protein localisations of TGF\u03b22 in the early mouse embryo suggest an involvement in cardiac development","volume":"117","author":"Dickson MC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04183.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113.1.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.120.4.995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)66595-0","article-title":"Transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2. 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