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This knowledge base of the inner ear's structure\/function has been an essential factor for the design and construction of prosthetic devices to aid patients with deficits in their senses of hearing and balance. Prosthetic devices are now available for severely hearing impaired and deaf patients to restore hearing and are known as cochlear implants and auditory brain stem implants. A prosthetic device for patients with balance disorders is being perfected and is in an animal model testing phase with another prosthetic device for controlling intractable dizziness in Meniere's patients currently being evaluated in clinical testing. None of this would have been possible without the pioneering studies and discoveries of the investigators mentioned in this review and with the work of many other talented investigators to numerous to be covered in this review. Anat Rec, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,9]],"date-time":"2012-10-09T00:07:31Z","timestamp":1349741251000},"page":"1741-1759","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology that Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Van De Water","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90343-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22585"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"The living body: a text in human physiology (pg.676)","author":"Best CH","year":"1952"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470514863"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Ueber die Entwicklung und Bau des Geh\u00f6r Labyrinths nach Untersuchungen an S\u00e4ugethieren","author":"Boettscher A","year":"1869"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"The anatomy of the organ of hearing. 1940 year book of the eye, ear, nose and throat","author":"Br\u00f6del M","year":"1940"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Three unpublished drawings of the anatomy of the human ear","author":"Br\u00f6del M","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3966153"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22586"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200101000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.21.020170.001421"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Bemerkungen \u00fcber den Bau der h\u00e4utigen Spirelleiste der Schnecke","volume":"7","author":"Claudius M","year":"1856","journal-title":"Z Wiss Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3410\/B1-58"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Recherches sur l'organe de l'ou\u00efe des mammif\u00e8res","volume":"3","author":"Corti A","year":"1851","journal-title":"Z Wiss Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.14.030191.001505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"De aquaeductibus auris humanae internae anatomica dissertatio","author":"Cotugno D","year":"1775"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3158-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00516.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kenntniss der Lamina spiralis membranacea der Schnecke","author":"Deiters O","year":"1860"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.9.3599"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00206097209072578"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22584"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Opuscula anatomica","author":"Eustachi B","year":"1564"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"Observationes anatomicae","author":"Fallopia G","year":"1562"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/310597a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22581"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","volume-title":"De usu partium corporis humani","author":"Galen","year":"1542"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1948.0025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.37.030175.001021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"324","article-title":"A modification of the Hemholtz theory of hearing","volume":"34","author":"Gray AA","year":"1900","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22587"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","volume-title":"The vestibular organs: S.E.M. atlas of the inner ear","author":"Harada Y","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Physiology of the ear","author":"Hawkins JE","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","volume-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber den feineren bau des ohrlabyrinthes der wirbeltiere II. 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