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The apical regions may also elongate and undergo self\u2010excision while shedding mucus and cell debris into the gallbladder lumen in a manner similar to that described in mammals as a result of sex steroid treatment to induce gallstones and to that found in the cholecystitis associated with cholelithiasis. Numerous small mitochondria, spherical to elongated, are distributed throughout the cells, while the nuclei are often located in the lower third of each cell. In the lower part of the cholecystocytes, large and very densely contrasted lysosomes can be found. All cells are tightly joined by junctional complexes, including long, highly contrasted desmosomes. The fibromuscular layer is made of a loose stroma with a limited muscular component and a poor blood supply. Large diameter blood vessels can only be found in the subserosal layer. It is hypothesized that the obligatorily carnivorous diet of this ureotelic fish has resulted in the evolution of a gallbladder ultrastructure resembling that found in cholecystitis but without the associated cholelithiasis. Anat Rec, 2013. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T06:00:47Z","timestamp":1353650447000},"page":"79-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Gallbladder of the Electric Ray <i>Torpedo Marmorata<\/i> Risso Displays Excrescent Cholecystocytes with Merocrine and Apocrine\u2010Like Secretions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Gilloteaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald W.","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla 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