{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:30:06Z","timestamp":1786977006025,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,8]],"date-time":"2013-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Because both androgens and estrogens have been implicated in penile morphogenesis, we evaluated penile morphology in transgenic mice with known imbalance of androgen and estrogen signaling using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and immunohistochemistry of androgen and estrogen receptors \u03b1\/\u03b2. Penises of adult wild\u2010type, estrogen receptor\u2010\u03b1 knockout (\u03b1ERKO), estrogen receptor\u2010\u03b2 knockout (\u03b2ERKO), aromatase knockout (Arom\u2010KO), and aromatase overexpression (Arom+) mice were evaluated, as well as adult mice treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from birth to day 10. Adult penises were examined because the adult pattern is the endpoint of development. The urethral orifice is formed by fusion of the MUMP (male urogenital mating protuberance) with the MUMP ridge, which consists of several processes fused to each other and to the MUMP. Similarly, the internal prepuce is completed ventrally by fusion of a ventral cleft. In adult murine penises the stromal processes that form the MUMP ridge are separated from their neighbors by clefts. \u03b1ERKO, \u03b2ERKO, and Arom\u2010KO mice have penises with a MUMP ridge clefting pattern similar to that of wild\u2010type mice. In contrast, Arom+ mice and neonatally DES\u2010treated mice exhibit profound malformations of the MUMP, MUMP ridge clefting pattern, and internal prepuce. Abnormalities observed in Arom+ and neonatally DES\u2010treated mice correlate with the expression of estrogen receptor\u2010beta (ER\u03b2) in the affected structures. This study demonstrates that formation of the urethal orifice and internal prepuce is due to fusion of separate epithelial\u2010surfaced mesenchymal elements, a process dependent upon both androgen and estrogen signaling, in which ER\u03b2 signaling is strongly implicated. Anat Rec, 296:1127\u20131141, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T05:23:48Z","timestamp":1402291428000},"page":"1127-1141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Analysis of the effect of estrogen\/androgen perturbation on penile development in transgenic and diethylstilbestrol\u2010Treated mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Sarah D.","family":"Blaschko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of California San Francisco A610 San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phitsanu","family":"Mahawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of California San Francisco A610 San Francisco 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