{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:33:56Z","timestamp":1791614036490,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]],"date-time":"2013-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human tongue is one of the most important yet least understood structures of the body. One reason for the relative lack of research on the human tongue is its complex anatomy. This is a real barrier to investigators as there are few anatomical resources in the literature that show this complex anatomy clearly. As a result, the diagnosis and treatment of tongue disorders lags behind that for other structures of the head and neck. This report intended to fill this gap by displaying the tongue's anatomy in multiple ways. The primary material used in this study was serial axial images of the male and female human tongue from the Visible Human (VH) Project of the National Library of Medicine. In addition, thick serial coronal sections of three human tongues were rendered translucent. The VH axial images were computer reconstructed into serial coronal sections and each tongue muscle was outlined. These outlines were used to construct a three\u2010dimensional (3D) computer model of the tongue that allows each muscle to be seen in its <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> anatomical position. The thick coronal sections supplement the 3D model by showing details of the complex interweaving of tongue muscles throughout the tongue. The graphics are perhaps the clearest guide to date to aid clinical or basic science investigators in identifying each tongue muscle in any part of the human tongue. Anat Rec, 296:1102\u20131114, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T05:23:48Z","timestamp":1402291428000},"page":"1102-1114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":220,"title":["A Three\u2010Dimensional Atlas of Human Tongue Muscles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Ira","family":"Sanders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alice and David Jurist Institute for Biomedical Research Hackensack University Medical Center Hackensack New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liancai","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory Department of Research Hackensack University Medical Center Hackensack New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"A contribution to the study of the movements of the tongue in animals, with special reference to the cat","volume":"73","author":"Abd\u2010El\u2010Malek S","year":"1938","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Observation on the morphology of the human tongue","volume":"73","author":"Abd\u2010El\u2010Marek S","year":"1938","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Functional morphology of the tongue muscles of some Indian insect\u2010eating birds","volume":"131","author":"Bhattacharyya BN","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092380212"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000143875"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001630302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.2.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06757.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199809)252:1<102::AID-AR9>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400604"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01178.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051480302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(80)90008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/004)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"A study of the musculature of the human tongue","volume":"8","author":"Miyawaki K","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Bull Res Inst Logoped Phoniatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(19991201)256:4<412::AID-AR8>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0185(20001101)260:3<308::AID-AR70>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.7.771"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Head and neck","author":"Pernkopf Anatomy","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1925.tb01533.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/009)"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.22711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.22711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T19:09:50Z","timestamp":1759950590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.22711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.22711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.22711","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]}}}