{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:17:53Z","timestamp":1775060273321,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]],"date-time":"2013-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among juvenile rhesus macaques. While lesions may be absent at colonoscopy, the histopathologic evaluation of the biopsy specimens is consistent with human macroscopic colitis (MC). In this study, we developed an isotropic uniform random sampling method to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic changes and applied it on proximal ascending colon in monkeys. Colonic tissue and peripheral blood specimens were collected from six MC and six control juvenile macaques at necropsy. Uniform random samples were collected from the colon using punch biopsy tools. The volume of epithelium and lamina propria were estimated in thick (25 \u00b5m) sections using point probes and normalized to the area of muscularis mucosae. Our data suggests a significant increase of the <jats:italic>Vs<\/jats:italic> of the lamina propria (1.9\u2010fold, <jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic> 0.02) and epithelium (1.4\u2010fold, <jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic> 0.05) in subjects with MC. The average colonic surface mucosa area in the MC monkeys increased 1.4\u2010fold over the controls (<jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic> 0.02). The volume of the proximal colon in animals with MC showed a 2.4\u2010fold increase over the non\u2010diarrhea control monkeys (<jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic> 0.0001). Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in peripheral blood were found to be correlated with the volume estimate of the lamina propria and epithelium. We found that ICD in macaques has features which simulates human MC and can be used as a spontaneous animal model for human MC. Furthermore, this developed sampling method can be used for unbiased preclinical evaluation of therapeutics in this animal model. Anat Rec, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T05:21:54Z","timestamp":1402291314000},"page":"1169-1179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Idiopathic Microscopic Colitis of Rhesus Macaques: Quantitative Assessment of Colonic Mucosa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Ardeshir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center University of California Davis Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Oslund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center University of California Davis Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Ventimiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center University of California Davis Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joann","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center University of California Davis Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas W.","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center University of California Davis Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dallas M.","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Physiology &amp; Cell Biology University of California Davis Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2003\/404857"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84924-4_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02561.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Effects of the macrolide drug tylosin on chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"58","author":"Blackwood RS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comparative Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/317573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Nonhuman primates in biomedical research: diseases","author":"Brady A","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1990.tb02967.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020802436394"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-005-0524-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2002.01057.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"L148","article-title":"Recent stereological methods for cell biology: a brief survey","volume":"258","author":"Cruz\u2010Orive LM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2556113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2001.00958.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516245"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-007-0684-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001590407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"356","article-title":"Diarrhea rates and risk factors for developing chronic diarrhea in infant and juvenile rhesus monkeys","volume":"42","author":"Elmore DB","year":"1992","journal-title":"Laboratory animal science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2012.00553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00902.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21438"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.00870.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(00)70362-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(00)70362-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01100-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-5-421"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202761020489"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s193"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1987.tb02837.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1988.tb05320.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.1999.00457.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"Diarrhea in nonhuman primates: a survey of primate colonies for incidence rates and clinical opinion","volume":"34","author":"Hird DW","year":"1984","journal-title":"Laboratory Animal Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200809-1522ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200809-1522ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623391019004-112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070210403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230601059977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2010.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-3117-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6355.1601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/51.664039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.1998.00356.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012201314440"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/R3016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(98)00129-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20538"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.1088"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00120.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01191700"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1992.tb01497.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.014431"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200411000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.105890"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05595.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.4079-4086.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03745.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31818f50ce"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00740-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00181-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2002.01341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.top071803"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092310411"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2008.00313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070320505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04686.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Microscopic colitis: a concise review","volume":"161","author":"Zippi M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Ter"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.22727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.22727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T13:09:34Z","timestamp":1759928974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.22727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.22727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.22727","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]}}}