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The aim was to identify the immunoreactivity and protein levels of molecules involved in cell proliferation, tissue remodeling and angiogenesis in the ventral prostate of elderly rodents following hormonal replacement. Male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were separated into one Young group (4\u2010months old), treated with peanut oil (5 mL kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, s.c.), and six Senile groups. The senile rats (10\u2010months old) were subdivided into: Senile group (SEN) (5 mL kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> peanut oil, s.c.); Testosterone group (TEST) (5 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> testosterone cipionate, s.c.); Estrogen group (EST) (25 \u00b5g kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol, s.c.); castrated group (CAS) (surgical castration); castrated\u2010testosterone group (CT) (same treatment as CAS and TEST groups); and castrated\u2010estrogen group (CE) (same treatment as CAS and EST groups). After 30 days, samples of the ventral prostate were harvested for analyses of insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101 receptor (IGFR\u20101), matrix metalloproteinase\u20109 (MMP\u20109), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin features. IGFR\u20101 and MMP\u20109 showed increased protein levels and epithelial immunolabeling both after hormonal replacement and castration. Increased VEGF levels and reduced endostatin were verified in the SEN group. Hormonal therapy and castration led to a higher increase of VEGF, especially in the EST, CAS, and CE groups. Endostatin increased mainly in the TEST and CT groups. Hormonal therapy in senescence generated a reactive microenvironment characterized by the increase of mitogenic and tissue remodeling factors and by the imbalance of angiogenesis, which possibly compromised organ function and predisposed toward glandular disorders. Anat Rec, 296:1758\u20131767, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T05:18:05Z","timestamp":1402291085000},"page":"1758-1767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Angiogenic and Tissue Remodeling Factors in the Prostate of Elderly Rats Submitted to Hormonal Replacement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Montico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas 13083\u2010865 Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda Cia","family":"Hetzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas 13083\u2010865 Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo 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