{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:33:18Z","timestamp":1791876798589,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to model the hearing capabilities of marine mammals (cetaceans), it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus, of the middle ear bones in these species. Biologically realistic models can be used to investigate the biomechanics of hearing in cetaceans, much of which is currently unknown. In the present study, the elastic moduli of the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) of eight species of cetacean, two baleen whales (mysticete) and six toothed whales (odontocete), were measured using nanoindentation. The two groups of mysticete ossicles overall had lower average elastic moduli (35.2\u2009\u00b1\u200913.3 GPa and 31.6\u2009\u00b1\u20096.5 GPa) than the groups of odontocete ossicles (53.3\u2009\u00b1\u20097.2 GPa to 62.3\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7 GPa). Interior bone generally had a higher modulus than cortical bone by up to 36%. The effects of freezing and formalin\u2010fixation on elastic modulus were also investigated, although samples were few and no clear trend could be discerned. The high elastic modulus of the ossicles and the differences in the elastic moduli between mysticetes and odontocetes are likely specializations in the bone for underwater hearing. Anat Rec, 297:892\u2013900, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T05:24:54Z","timestamp":1402291494000},"page":"892-900","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Elastic Modulus of Cetacean Auditory Ossicles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Tubelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Hearing Research Center, Boston University Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleks","family":"Zosuls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Hearing Research Center, Boston University Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darlene R.","family":"Ketten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Marine Research Facility Woods Hole Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Otology and Laryngology Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Mountain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Hearing Research Center, Boston University Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00257-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/3\/1\/016001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90073-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90150-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)98135-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836903004758"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"426","article-title":"Effects of surface roughness and maximum load on mechanical properties of cancellous bone measured by nanoindentation","volume":"77","author":"Donnelly E","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-006-0055-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67143-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hearing in Ceatceans. 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