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The evolution of turbinals was correlated with endothermic and macrosmatic adaptations in therapsids and in early mammals, which is still apparent in their twofold function (warming and moistening of air, olfaction). Fossil evidence for the transformation from the nonmammalian to the mammalian nasal cavity pattern has been poor and inadequate. Ossification of the cartilaginous nasal capsule and turbinals seems to be a feature that occurred only very late in synapsid evolution but delicate ethmoidal bones are rarely preserved. Here we provide the first \u00b5CT investigation of the nasal cavity of the advanced non\u2010mammaliaform cynodont <jats:italic>Brasilitherium riograndensis<\/jats:italic> from the Late Triassic of Southern Brazil, a member of the sister\u2010group of mammaliaforms, in order to elucidate a critical anatomical transition in early mammalian evolution. <jats:italic>Brasilitherium riograndensis<\/jats:italic> already had at least partially ossified turbinals as remnants of the nasoturbinal and the first ethmoturbinal are preserved. The posterior nasal septum is partly ossified and contributes to a mesethmoid. The nasal cavity is posteriorly expanded and forms a distinctive pars posterior (ethmoidal recess) that is ventrally separated from the nasopharyngeal duct by a distinct lamina terminalis. Thus, our observations clearly demonstrate that principal features of the mammalian nasal cavity were already present in the sister\u2010group of mammaliaforms. Anat Rec, 297:2018\u20132030, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T17:59:33Z","timestamp":1413309573000},"page":"2018-2030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Nasal Anatomy of the Non\u2010mammaliaform Cynodont <scp><i>B<\/i><\/scp><i>rasilitherium riograndensis<\/i> (<scp>E<\/scp>ucynodontia, <scp>T<\/scp>herapsida) Reveals New Insight into Mammalian Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Ruf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steinmann\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Geologie Mineralogie und Pal\u00e4ontologie, Rheinische Friedrich\u2010Wilhelms\u2010Universit\u00e4t Bonn Nussallee 8 53115 Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt Abteilung Pal\u00e4oanthropologie und Messelforschung, Sektion Mammalogie Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Evolution und \u00d6kologie Fachbereich Biologie, Eberhard\u2010Karls\u2010Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo G.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Paleovertebrados Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Avenida Bento Gon\u00e7alves 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar L.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Paleovertebrados Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Avenida Bento Gon\u00e7alves 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2007.00646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001330104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/72.2.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"659","article-title":"O Grupo Rosario do Sul (Tri\u00e1ssico) no Rio Grande do Sul","volume":"2","author":"Andreis RR","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anais 31 Congresso Brasil Geologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00949.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2012.731154"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4072\/rbp.2005.1.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The sister group of mammals: small cynodonts from the Late Triassic of Southern Brazil","volume":"5","author":"Bonaparte JF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Bras Paleont"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4072\/rbp.2010.3.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Discoveries in the Late Triassic of Brazil improve knowledge on the origin of mammals","volume":"2","author":"Bonaparte JF","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hist Nat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"On some small therocephalians","volume":"4","author":"Brink AS","year":"1960","journal-title":"Palaeontol Afr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"The cranial morphology of the dicynodont genus Lystrosaurus","volume":"56","author":"Cluver MA","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann S Afr Mus"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"The Development of the Vertebrate Skull","author":"Beer GR","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"DigiMorph.org. 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