{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:37:06Z","timestamp":1768927026147,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["IIS-0208675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-0208675"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["IOS-1120375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1120375"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with other mammals (e.g., primates, rodents, and carnivores), the form and function of the ungulate nasal fossa, in particular the ethmoidal region, has been largely unexplored. Hence, the nasal anatomy of the largest prey species remains far less understood than that of their predators, rendering comparisons and evolutionary context unclear. Of the previous studies of nasal anatomy, none have investigated the detailed anatomy and functional morphology of the white\u2010tailed deer (<jats:italic>Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>), a species that is ubiquitous throughout North and Central America and in northern regions of South America. Here, nasal form and function is quantitatively investigated in an adult white\u2010tailed deer using high\u2010resolution magnetic resonance imaging, combined with anatomical reconstruction and morphometric analysis techniques. The cross\u2010sectional anatomy of the airway is shown and a three\u2010dimensional anatomical model of the convoluted nasal fossa is reconstructed from the image data. A detailed morphometric analysis is presented that includes quantitative distributions of airway size and shape (e.g., airway perimeter, cross\u2010sectional area, surface area) and the functional implications of these data regarding respiratory and olfactory airflow are investigated. The white\u2010tailed deer is shown to possess a long, double scroll maxilloturbinal that occupies approximately half of the length of the nasal fossa and provides a large surface area for respiratory heat and moisture exchange. The ethmoidal region contains a convoluted arrangement of folded ethmoturbinals that appear to be morphologically distinct from the single and double scroll ethmoturbinals found in most other non\u2010primates. This complex folding provides a large surface area in the limited space available for chemical sensing, due to the expansive maxilloturbinal. Morphologically, the white\u2010tailed deer is shown to possess a dorsal meatus that leads to an olfactory recess, a nasal architecture that has been shown in other non\u2010primate species to cause unique nasal airflow patterns to develop during sniffing that are optimized for odorant delivery to the sensory part of the nose. Additionally, we demonstrate that, during respiration, airflow in the nasal vestibule and the anterior maxilloturbinal region may be transitional or turbulent, in which case turbulent mixing is expected to enhance respiratory heat and moisture exchange, which could be an important contribution to thermoregulation and water conservation in the white\u2010tailed deer. Anat Rec, 297:2138\u20132147, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T17:59:33Z","timestamp":1413309573000},"page":"2138-2147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Reconstruction and Morphometric Analysis of the Nasal Airway of the White\u2010Tailed Deer (<scp><i>O<\/i><\/scp><i>docoileus virginianus<\/i>) and Implications Regarding Respiratory and Olfactory Airflow"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Allison N.","family":"Ranslow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"},{"name":"The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blaire","family":"Van Valkenburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology UCLA Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Rumple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benison","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology UCLA Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Krane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Craven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park  Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.4.R1190"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001330104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051370204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb02079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1263(200007\/08)20:4<273::AID-JAT657>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"493","article-title":"The paranasal sinuses of the anthropoid apes","volume":"74","author":"Cave AJE","year":"1940","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836904005540"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836903004692"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20592"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Morphology and Embryology of the Nasal Fossae of Vertebrates. 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