{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:18:31Z","timestamp":1790615911857,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOB-0517257 and IOS-1050154; Graduate Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOB-0517257 and IOS-1050154; Graduate Research Fellowship"]}]},{"name":"Jurassic Foundation grant"},{"name":"The University of Pennsylvania Summer Research Stipend in Palaeontology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The nasal region plays a key role in sensory, thermal, and respiratory physiology, but exploring its evolution is hampered by a lack of preservation of soft\u2010tissue structures in extinct vertebrates. As a test case, we investigated members of the \u201cbony\u2010headed\u201d ornithischian dinosaur clade Pachycephalosauridae (particularly <jats:italic>Stegoceras validum<\/jats:italic>) because of their small body size (which mitigated allometric concerns) and their tendency to preserve nasal soft tissues within their hypermineralized skulls. Hypermineralization directly preserved portions of the olfactory turbinates along with an internal nasal ridge that we regard as potentially an osteological correlate for respiratory conchae. Fossil specimens were CT\u2010scanned, and nasal cavities were segmented and restored. Soft\u2010tissue reconstruction of the nasal capsule was functionally tested in a virtual environment using computational fluid dynamics by running air through multiple models differing in nasal soft\u2010tissue conformation: a bony\u2010bounded model (i.e., skull without soft tissue) and then models with soft tissues added, such as a paranasal septum, a scrolled concha, a branched concha, and a model combining the paranasal septum with a concha. Deviations in fluid flow in comparison to a phylogenetically constrained sample of extant diapsids were used as indicators of missing soft tissue. Models that restored aspects of airflow found in extant diapsids, such as appreciable airflow in the olfactory chamber, were judged as more likely. The model with a branched concha produced airflow patterns closest to those of extant diapsids. These results from both paleontological observation and airflow modeling indicate that <jats:italic>S. validum<\/jats:italic> and other pachycephalosaurids could have had both olfactory and respiratory conchae. Although respiratory conchae have been linked to endothermy, such conclusions require caution in that our re\u2010evaluation of the reptilian nasal apparatus indicates that respiratory conchae may be more widespread than originally thought, and other functions, such as selective brain temperature regulation, could be important. Anat Rec, 297:2148\u20132186, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T17:59:33Z","timestamp":1413309573000},"page":"2148-2186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Breathing Life Into Dinosaurs: Tackling Challenges of Soft\u2010Tissue Restoration and Nasal Airflow in Extinct Species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WM.","family":"Ruger Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Ridgely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University Athens Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler R.","family":"Lyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma R.","family":"Schachner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil R.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Witmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University Athens Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"On the accuracy, stability and monotonicity of various reconstruction algorithms for unstructured meshes","author":"Aftosmis M","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIAA Pap"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.31.1.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3515128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2011000900015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/06007.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039323"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/188547a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the olfactory system in 23 orders of birds","volume":"79","author":"Bang BG","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","series-title":"Form and Function in Birds","first-page":"195","author":"Bang BG","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Baumel JJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Baumel JJ","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Observations on the snout of Varanus, and a comparison with that of other lizards and snakes","volume":"83","author":"Bellairs A D'A","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(73)90119-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9274(97)00092-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013384"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"63A","article-title":"The nose knows: the effects of nasal cavity anatomy on airflow in alligators","volume":"30","author":"Bourke JM","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"75A","article-title":"Computer modeling of nasal airflow in two extant avian dinosaurs (turkey and ostrich), with implications for modeling airflow in extinct theropods","volume":"31","author":"Bourke JM","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"66A","article-title":"Dorsal or rostral nostrils? Testing fleshy nostril position and airflow in sauropods using computational fluid dynamics","volume":"32","author":"Bourke JM","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Improving racecar aerodynamics","volume":"111","author":"Brzustowicz J","year":"2003","journal-title":"SAE Automot Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"2002\u201001","article-title":"Experimental and computational simulations utilized during the aerodynamic development of the Dodge Intrepid R\/T race car","author":"Brzustowicz JP","year":"2002","journal-title":"SAE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001180305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901350402"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1365930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2000)026<0271:TEOPAI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1668\/0003-1569(2000)040[0087:TIOVAL]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20585"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31756-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Sebecus, representative of a peculiar suborder of fossil Crocodilia from Patagonia","volume":"87","author":"Colbert EH","year":"1946","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(71)86262-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(75)90027-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria","volume":"21","author":"Coombs WP","year":"1978","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20592"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3148202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2010.00998.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19961215)276:6<415::AID-JEZ5>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","first-page":"422","article-title":"Retro\u2010deformation is paramount to the accurate description of fossil taxa","volume":"36","author":"Dunlavey T","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geo Soc Am Abstr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051370306"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EvansDC SchottRK LarsonDW BrownCM RyanMJ.2013.The oldest North American pachycephalosaurid and the hidden diversity of small\u2010bodied ornithischian dinosaurs. Nat Commun 4. doi:10.1038\/ncomms2749.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2749"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.11.1679","article-title":"Pelvic aspiration in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"203","author":"Farmer CG","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.11.1671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","volume-title":"The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs","author":"Fastovsky DF","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","first-page":"5\u20101","volume-title":"The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics","author":"Foss JF","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319300"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribution a la morphologie comparee des fosses nasales et leurs annexes chez les lepidosoriens","volume":"98","author":"Gabe M","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mem du Mus Nat d'HIst Naturelle"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On Troodon validus An orthopodous dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada","volume":"1","author":"Gilmore CW","year":"1924","journal-title":"Bull Alberta Univ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01118.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The jaw musculature in Protoceratops and in other ceratopsians","volume":"1729","author":"Haas G","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am Mus Nov"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-8-64"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(92)90026-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300012197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01308.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01899.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.4.0676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20982"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634-28.4.1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21382"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","series-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Neurology A","author":"Hopson JA","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007626"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(78)90040-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","first-page":"1192","article-title":"Countercurrent heat exchange in the respiratory passages","volume":"51","author":"Jackson DC","year":"1964","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"On the structure of the snout of crossopterygians and lower gnathostomes in general","volume":"21","author":"Jarvik E","year":"1942","journal-title":"Zool Bidr Upsala"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2010.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2007.00814.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.29.1.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(79)90079-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Vertebrate biomechanics and evolution","author":"Lauder GV","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022336000038427","article-title":"A horned dinosaur from the El Picacho formation of west Texas, and review of ceratopsian dinosaurs from the American southwest","volume":"70","author":"Lehman TM","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Paleont"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2009.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0564"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1502-3931.2009.00172.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia","volume":"37","author":"Marya\u0144ska T","year":"1977","journal-title":"Palaeo Polo"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Pachycephalosauria, a new suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs","volume":"30","author":"Marya\u0144ska T","year":"1974","journal-title":"Palaeo Polo"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.21.3803","article-title":"Respiratory water loss in free-flying pigeons","volume":"204","author":"Michaeli G","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2005.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01427.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Possibilities and limitations of three dimensional retrodeformation of a trilobite and plesiosaur vertebrae","volume":"25","author":"Motani R","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paleo Bios"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.56.1.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90079-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.19.1.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","first-page":"629","article-title":"Evolution of archosaurian body plans: skeletal adaptation of an air\u2010sac\u2010based breathing apparatus in birds and other archosaurs","volume":"311","author":"O'Connor PM","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Int Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The anatomy of the head of Ctenosauria pectinata (Iguanidae)","volume":"94","author":"Oelrich TM","year":"1956","journal-title":"Misc Pub Mus Zool Univ Mich"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051925"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Additional characters of the great herbivorous dinosaur Camarasaurus","volume":"10","author":"Osborn HF","year":"1898","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat His"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Nasal salt glands in dinosaurs","volume":"24","author":"Osm\u00f3lska H","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Palaeo Polo"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America","volume":"122","author":"Ostrom JH","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cranial crests of hadrosaurian dinosaurs","volume":"62","author":"Ostrom JH","year":"1962","journal-title":"Postilla"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1959.tb03003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/7.3.397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Biology of the Reptilia 2","author":"Parsons TS","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1995.10011575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","first-page":"176A","article-title":"Vascular anatomy and its physiological implications in extant and extinct dinosaurs and other diapsids","volume":"31","author":"Porter WP","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","unstructured":"PorterWP WitmerLM.2012.Vascular patterns in iguanas: blood vessels and cephalic sites of thermal exchange. In Annual Meeting of the Society of Integrative and Comparative Biology Charleston South Carolina."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2910291"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","first-page":"517","article-title":"The locomotor apparatus of certain primitive and mammal\u2010like reptiles","volume":"46","author":"Romer AS","year":"1922","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090270210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","volume-title":"Vertebrate Paleontology","author":"Romer AS","year":"1933"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.57.030195.000441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511721854.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5279.1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(199810)20:10<852::AID-BIES11>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/XV.57.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_1","unstructured":"Ruiz\u2010Giron\u00e9sE.2011.Automatic hexahedral meshing algorithms: from structured to unstructured meshes. Ph.D. Dissertation Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01578698"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12871"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511801822"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90075-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/039.029.0329"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_135_1","unstructured":"SedlmayrJC.2002.Anatomy evolution and functional significance of cephalic vasculature in Archosauria. Ph.D. Dissertation Ohio University Athens OH."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_136_1","first-page":"480","volume-title":"The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia","author":"Sereno PC","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427254"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_139_1","first-page":"l","article-title":"Hind limb musculature and habits of a Paleocene multituberculate","volume":"333","author":"Simpson GG","year":"1928","journal-title":"Am Mus Nov"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_140_1","first-page":"3A17","article-title":"Structural mechanics of pachycephalosaur crania permitted head\u2010butting behavior","volume":"11","author":"Snively E","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paleontol Electron"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20563"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000830202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_144_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Prenocephale edmontonensis (Brown and Schlaikjer) new comb. and P. brevis (Lambe) new comb. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia: Pachycephalosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America","volume":"17","author":"Sullivan RM","year":"2000","journal-title":"N M Mus Nat Hist Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)23[181:ROTDSL]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_146_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)","volume":"35","author":"Sullivan RM","year":"2006","journal-title":"N M Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/316658"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1096-3642.2003.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_150_1","volume-title":"Life in Moving Fluids","author":"Vogel S","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_151_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World","author":"Vogel S","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_152_1","volume-title":"Nomina anatomica veterinaria","author":"Waibl H","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_153_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"A new pachycephalosaurid from the Baynshire formation (Cenomanian\u2010Late Santonian), Gobi Desert, Mongolia","volume":"53","author":"Watabe M","year":"2011","journal-title":"N M Mus Nat Hist Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2003)029<0243:VPASAT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_155_1","first-page":"1046","article-title":"The nasal cavity of lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Reptilia: Ornithischia): comparative anatomy and homologies","volume":"55","author":"Weishampel DB","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Paleo"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/275441a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2002)022[0779:ANGODP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_158_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052250304"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1997.10011027","article-title":"The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft\u2010tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity","volume":"17","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_161_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062681"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20794"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_164_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"A New Horned Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta","author":"Witmer LM","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_166_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"The Cleveland tyrannosaur skull (Nanotyrannus or Tyrannosaurus): new findings based on CT scanning, with special reference to the braincase","volume":"57","author":"Witmer LM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kirtlandia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-76933-0_6"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_168_1","first-page":"85A","article-title":"Nasal conchae and blood supply in some dinosaurs: physiological implications","volume":"19","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vertebr Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_169_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Comparative histology of sculptured dermal bones in basal tetrapods, and the implications for the soft tissue dermis","volume":"2","author":"Witzmann F","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paleodiversity"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1955.sp005276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjj008"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.23046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.23046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:01:13Z","timestamp":1759935673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.23046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.23046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23046","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]}}}