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Among australopiths, Paranthropus boisei<\/jats:italic> is the most robust form, exhibiting traits traditionally hypothesized to produce high bite forces efficiently and strengthen the face against feeding stresses. However, recent mechanical analyses imply that P. boisei<\/jats:italic> may not have been an efficient producer of bite force and that robust morphology in primates is not necessarily strong. Here we use an engineering method, finite element analysis, to show that the facial skeleton of P. boisei<\/jats:italic> is structurally strong, exhibits a strain pattern different from that in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>) and Australopithecus africanus<\/jats:italic>, and efficiently produces high bite force. It has been suggested that P. boisei<\/jats:italic> consumed a diet of compliant\/tough foods like grass blades and sedge pith. However, the blunt occlusal topography of this and other species suggests that australopiths are adapted to consume hard foods, perhaps including grass and sedge seeds. A consideration of evolutionary trends in morphology relating to feeding mechanics suggests that food processing behaviors in gracile australopiths evidently were disrupted by environmental change, perhaps contributing to the eventual evolution of Homo<\/jats:italic> and Paranthropus<\/jats:italic>. Anat Rec, 298:145\u2013167, 2015. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,21]],"date-time":"2014-12-21T23:52:05Z","timestamp":1419205925000},"page":"145-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["The Feeding Biomechanics and Dietary Ecology of P<\/i><\/scp>aranthropus boisei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University at Albany Albany New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Benazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Heritage University of Bologna Via degli Ariani 1 Ravenna 48121 Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Deutscher Platz 6 04103 Leipzig 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