{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:53:01Z","timestamp":1789980781427,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU FP6 Marie Curie Actions grant","award":["MRTN-CT-2005-019564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRTN-CT-2005-019564"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Hominid Grant 2007","award":["NSF 01-120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF 01-120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most hominin cranial fossils are incomplete and require reconstruction prior to subsequent analyses. Missing data can be estimated by geometric morphometrics using information from complete specimens, for example, by using thin\u2010plate splines. In this study, we estimate missing data in several virtually fragmented models of hominoid crania (<jats:italic>Homo, Pan, Pongo<\/jats:italic>) and fossil hominins (e.g., <jats:italic>Australopithecus africanus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Homo heidelbergensis<\/jats:italic>). The aim is to investigate in which way different references influence estimations of cranial shape and how this information can be employed in the reconstruction of fossils. We used a sample of 64 three\u2010dimensional digital models of complete human, chimpanzee, and orangutan crania and a set of 758 landmarks and semilandmarks. The virtually knocked out neurocranial and facial areas that were reconstructed corresponded to those of a real case found in A.L. 444\u20102 (<jats:italic>A. afarensis<\/jats:italic>) cranium. Accuracy of multiple intraspecies and interspecies reconstructions was computed as the maximum square root of the mean squared difference between the original and the reconstruction (root mean square). The results show that the uncertainty in reconstructions is a function of both the geometry of the knockout area and the dissimilarity between the reference sample and the specimen(s) undergoing reconstruction. We suggest that it is possible to estimate large missing cranial areas if the shape of the reference is similar enough to the shape of the specimen reconstructed, though caution must be exercised when employing these reconstructions in subsequent analyses. We provide a potential guide for the choice of the reference by means of bending energy. Anat Rec, 298:827\u2013841, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T01:13:14Z","timestamp":1424135594000},"page":"827-841","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Virtual Reconstruction of Modern and Fossil Hominoid Crania: Consequences of Reference Sample Choice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"Sascha","family":"Senck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Enviromental Sciences University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria Stelzhamerstrasse 23, 4600 Wels Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred L.","family":"Bookstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Department of Statistics University of Washington Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Benazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Heritage University of Bologna Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Kastner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Enviromental Sciences University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria Stelzhamerstrasse 23, 4600 Wels Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard W.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Core Facility for Micro\u2010Computed Tomography University of Vienna Althanstrasse 12, 1090 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22376"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22225"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-009-0339-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology","author":"Bookstein FL","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01248355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"BooksteinFL GreenWK.2002. Edgewarp 3D. Available at:ftp:\/\/brainmap.stat.washington.edu\/pub\/fred\/ewsh3.19.man\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/159672a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22455"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"GunzP.2005. Statistical and geometric reconstruction of hominid crania: reconstructing australopithecine ontogeny. 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