{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:44:53Z","timestamp":1790747093030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000103","name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HJ-50069-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HJ-50069-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Background: CT scanning of ancient human remains has the potential to provide insights into health and diseases. While Egyptian mummies have undergone CT scans in prior studies, a systematic survey of the orthopedic conditions afflicting a group of these ancient individuals has never been carried out. Methods: We performed whole body CT scanning on 52 ancient Egyptian mummies using technique comparable to that of medical imaging. All of the large joints and the spine were systematically examined and osteoarthritic (OA) changes were scored 0\u20104 using Kellgren and Lawrence classification. Results: The cruciate ligaments and menisci could be identified frequently. There were much more frequent OA changes in the spine (25 mummies) than in the large joints (15 cases of acromioclavicular and\/or glenohumeral joint OA changes, five involvement of the ankle, one in the elbow, four in the knee, and one in the hip). There were six cases of scoliosis. Individual mummies had the following conditions: juvenile aseptic necrosis of the hip (Perthes disease), stage 4 osteochondritis dissecans of the knee, vertebral compression fracture, lateral patella\u2010femoral joint hyper\u2010compression syndrome, severe rotator cuff arthropathy, rotator cuff impingement, hip pincer impingement, and combined fracture of the greater trochantor and vertebral bodies indicating obvious traumatic injury. This report includes the most ancient discovery of several of these syndromes. Conclusions: Ancient Egyptians often suffered painful orthopedic conditions. The high frequency of scoliosis merits further study. The pattern of degenerative changes in the spine and joints may offer insights into activity levels of these people. Anat Rec, 298:1036\u20131046, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T02:03:58Z","timestamp":1432260238000},"page":"1036-1046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Orthopedic Diseases of Ancient Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"Klaus O","family":"Fritsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthop\u00e4dische Chirurgie Bayreuth Parsifalstr.5 Bayreuth Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heshem","family":"Hamoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al\u2010Azhar University School of Medicine Naser City Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel H.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al\u2010Azhar University School of Medicine Naser City Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Grossmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiologie Im Duererhof Bayreuth Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel\u2010Halim","family":"Nur El\u2010Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Archaeology and Tourism Guidance, Misr University for Science and Technology Misr University for Science &amp; Technology, Al\u2010Motamayez District 6th of October City Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gomaa","family":"Abdel\u2010Maksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservation Centre for Archaeological and Historical Buildings and Museum Artifacts, Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology Cairo University Giza  Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Al\u2010Tohamy Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Anthropology Dept. Medical Research Division, NRC El\u2010Behooth St. Dokki Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Badr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute for Tourism &amp; Hotels Alexandria Abu Qir  Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Coast Radiologic Medical Group Laguna Hills California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Linda Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newport Diagnostic Center Newport Beach California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Akl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservation Centre for Archaeological and Historical Buildings and Museum Artifacts, Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology Cairo University Giza  Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb E","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial Care Heart &amp; Vascular Institute Long Beach Memorial Long Beach California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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