{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:04:48Z","timestamp":1789160688901,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE016692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE016692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD012252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD012252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quantifying normal variation and the genetic underpinnings of anatomical structures is one of the main goals of modern morphological studies. However, the extent of genetic contributions to normal variation in craniofacial morphology in humans is still unclear. The current study addresses this gap by investigating the genetic underpinnings of normal craniofacial morphology. The sample under investigation consists of 75 linear and angular measurements spanning the entire craniofacial complex, recorded from lateral cephalographs of 1,379 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Heritabilities for each trait were estimated using SOLAR, a maximum\u2010likelihood variance components approach utilizing all pedigree information for parameter estimation. Trait means and mean effects of the covariates age, sex, age<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, sex \u00d7 age, and sex \u00d7 age<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> were simultaneously estimated in the analytic models. All traits of the craniofacial complex were significantly heritable. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.10 to 0.60, with the majority being moderate. It is important to note that we found similar ranges of heritability occurring across the different functional\/developmental components of the craniofacial complex, the splanchnocranium, the basicranium, and the neurocranium. This suggests that traits from different regions of the craniofacial complex are of comparable utility for the purposes of population history and phylogeny reconstruction. At the same time, this genetic influence on craniofacial morphology signals a caution to researchers of nongenetic studies to consider the implications of this finding when selecting samples for study given their project design and goals. Anat Rec, 298:1535\u20131547, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T15:15:45Z","timestamp":1434726945000},"page":"1535-1547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Heritability of the Human Craniofacial Complex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"\u0160e\u0161elj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Division of Morphological Sciences and Biostatistics Lifespan Health Research Center Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana L.","family":"Duren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Division of Morphological Sciences and Biostatistics Lifespan Health Research Center Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Division of Morphological Sciences and Biostatistics Lifespan Health Research Center Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301844"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2002.0026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1563"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"A new X\u2010ray technique and its application to orthodontia","volume":"1","author":"Broadbent BH.","year":"1931","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330610312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Sibling correlations for cranial measurements from serial radiographs","volume":"4","author":"Byard PJ","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Family resemblance for components of craniofacial size and shape","volume":"5","author":"Byard PJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468500007831"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330640202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1996.9010005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330540106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330540107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330590205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb05122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Craniofacial disorders caused by mutations in homeobox genes MSX1 and MSX2","volume":"20","author":"Cohen MM.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.9.5003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200008)112:4<541::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200008)112:4<553::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Quantitative genetics of the craniofacial complex in humans","volume":"120","author":"Duren DL","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2840900"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2840896"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ns-6.138.268","article-title":"Types and their inheritance","volume":"6","author":"Galton F.","year":"1885","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20395"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5121-0_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Epigenetic and functional influences on skull growth. In: The Skull. Volume 1: Development, J. Hanken and B. K. Hall, editors","author":"Herring SW","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chicago: The University of Chicago Press"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(03)00132-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Facial growth","author":"Hunter W.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Craniofacial biology. Monograph # 10","author":"Hylander WL.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2007.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/18.2.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00747.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.2.785"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(2000)43:31 <117::AID-AJPA5>3.3.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"The importance of genetic and nongenetic factors in the facial skeleton studied in 100 pairs of twins","volume":"30","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m A.","year":"1954","journal-title":"Eur Orthod Soc Rep Congr"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/10.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/9.2.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05951"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330640405"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","first-page":"346","volume-title":"Facial growth","author":"Merow WW","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22918"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1974.tb01848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330650104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511661655"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402637101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20678"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330630406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118332344.ch16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","first-page":"190","article-title":"Quantitative genetics of modern human craniofacial variation: implications for the interpretation of the hominin fossil record","volume":"120","author":"Sherwood RJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.108.090407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814355247_0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0409"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20805"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3378\/027.082.0305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181833793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32295"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21550"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20775"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0295-165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1097"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/160.4.1573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000740103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200209000-00002"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.23186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.23186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:18:11Z","timestamp":1759940291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.23186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.23186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23186","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]]}}}