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Over 100 perinatal primates, obtained from natural captive deaths, were screened for characteristics indicating premature birth, and were subsequently studied using a combination of histology and micro\u2010CT. Results reveal one probable unifying characteristic of living primates: relatively advanced maturation of deciduous teeth and M1 at birth. Beyond this, there is great diversity in the status of tooth eruption and maturation (dental stage) in the newborn primate. Contrasting strategies in producing a masticatory battery are already apparent at birth in strepsirrhines and anthropoids. Results show that dental maturation and eruption schedules are potentially independently co\u2010opted as different strategies for attaining feeding independence. The most common strategy in strepsirrhines is accelerating eruption and the maturation of the permanent dentition, including replacement teeth. Anthropoids, with only few exceptions, accelerate mineralization of the deciduous teeth, while delaying development of all permanent teeth except M1. These results also show that no living primate resembles the altricial tree shrew (<jats:italic>Tupaia<\/jats:italic>) in dental development. Our preliminary observations suggest that ecological explanations, such as diet, provide an explanation for certain morphological variations at birth. These results confirm previous work on perinatal indriids indicating that these and other primates telegraph their feeding adaptations well before masticatory anatomy is functional. Quantitative analyses are required to decipher specific dietary and other influences on dental size and maturation in the newborn primate. Anat Rec, 298:2098\u20132131, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T17:22:50Z","timestamp":1443720170000},"page":"2098-2131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Dental Maturation, Eruption, and Gingival Emergence in the Upper Jaw of Newborn Primates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania 16057 USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena N.","family":"Muchlinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Kentucky, College of Medicine Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn D.","family":"Jankord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania 16057 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbigal J.","family":"Progar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania 16057 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bonar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo Dallas Texas 75203 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dumond Conservancy Miami Florida 33170 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. 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