{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:40:57Z","timestamp":1790304057685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>For nearly two decades, a database of brain structures from a large sample (272 species) of chiropterans has been widely accessible and used for socioecological analyses of mammals. However, this database remains incomplete since the hypophysis has not been measured. Since this glandular\/neural structure has reproductive significance to chiropterans as for other mammals, this investigation was carried out using serial coronal sections of bat brains comprising the Heinz Stephan collection, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany. Complete serially sectioned brains were examined in 313 individuals (165 species, 15 families). Using a well\u2010documented method, hypophyseal volumes were determined from every fourth or sixth section in each individual. The strongest correlation was between body weight and the hypophysis (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.887) and its various components as well as between body weight and adenohypophysis (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.830) and neurohypophysis (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.925). Correlations were also strong for brain weight\u2010adenohypophysis (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.817) and brain weight\u2010 neurohypophysis (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.911). Results indicated that: (1) in regression analyses, hipposiderids stand apart as having relatively large adenohypophysis; (2) analysis of residuals generated using least\u2010squares regression of hypophyseal components suggests a trend among microchiropterans where females have a relatively larger adenohypophysis than males. However, this difference is only statistically significant in the largest samples: Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae. Pteropodids do not appear to follow this trend. Our findings suggest both phylogenetic and sexual differences in the adenohypophysis in particular, and indicate the need for investigation of larger samples by species, especially those best understood in reproductive and social biology. Anat Rec, 299:492\u2013510, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T08:52:01Z","timestamp":1453452721000},"page":"492-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Chiropteran Brain Database: Volumetric Survey of the Hypophysis in 165 Species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"Kunwar P.","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shesh N.","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, John G Brown Cancer Center University of Louisville, School of Medicine Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko D.","family":"Frahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University of D\u00fcsseldorf D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012195670-7\/50002-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001700108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001690108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03179549"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"The structure of the pituitary of the emballonurid bat, Taphozous melanopogon (Temminck)","volume":"8","author":"Badwaik NK.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv Biosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative neurobiology in chiroptera: macromorphology, brain structures, tables and atlases","volume":"1","author":"Baron G","year":"1996","journal-title":"Basel: Birkhauser Verlag."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"533","article-title":"Comparative neurobiology in chiroptera: brain characteristics in taxonomic units","volume":"2","author":"Baron G","year":"1996","journal-title":"Basel: Birkhauser Verlag."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Comparative neurobiology in chiroptera. 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