{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:18:39Z","timestamp":1780085919780,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]],"date-time":"2016-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Finite element analyses simulating masticatory system loading are increasingly undertaken in primates, hominin fossils and modern humans. Simplifications of models and loadcases are often required given the limits of data and technology. One such area of uncertainty concerns the forces applied to cranial models and their sensitivity to variations in these forces. We assessed the effect of varying force magnitudes among jaw\u2010elevator muscles applied to a finite element model of a human cranium. The model was loaded to simulate incisor and molar bites using different combinations of muscle forces. Symmetric, asymmetric, homogeneous, and heterogeneous muscle activations were simulated by scaling maximal forces. The effects were compared with respect to strain distribution (i.e., modes of deformation) and magnitudes; bite forces and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reaction forces. Predicted modes of deformation, strain magnitudes and bite forces were directly proportional to total applied muscle force and relatively insensitive to the degree of heterogeneity of muscle activation. However, TMJ reaction forces and mandibular fossa strains decrease and increase on the balancing and working sides according to the degree of asymmetry of loading. These results indicate that when modes, rather than magnitudes, of facial deformation are of interest, errors in applied muscle forces have limited effects. However the degree of asymmetric loading does impact on TMJ reaction forces and mandibular fossa strains. These findings are of particular interest in relation to studies of skeletal and fossil material, where muscle data are not available and estimation of muscle forces from skeletal proxies is prone to error. Anat Rec, 299:828\u2013839, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]],"date-time":"2016-04-25T20:22:50Z","timestamp":1461615770000},"page":"828-839","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Effect of Varying Jaw\u2010elevator Muscle Forces on a Finite Element Model of a Human Cranium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"Viviana","family":"Toro\u2010Ibacache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK"},{"name":"Facultad De Odontolog\u00eda Universidad De Chile Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943 Independencia Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"O'Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Anatomical and Human 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