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We discovered nine antagonistic pairs of pronators and supinators that are anatomically and functionally distinct from the abductor and adductor superficiales and profundi. In particular, the first pronator and supinator pair represents mono\u2010 and biarticular muscles; a portion of the muscle fibers is attached to ridges on the humerus and is separated into two monoarticular muscles, whereas, as a biarticular muscle, the main body is inserted into the radius by crossing two joints from the shoulder girdle. This pair, consisting of a pronator and supinator, constitutes a muscle arrangement equivalent to two human antagonistic pairs of monoarticular muscles and one antagonistic pair of biarticular muscles in the stylopod between the shoulder and elbow joints. Our recent kinesiological and biomechanical engineering studies on human limbs have demonstrated that two antagonistic pairs of monoarticular muscles and one antagonistic pair of biarticular muscles in the stylopod (1) coordinately control output force and force direction at the wrist and ankle and (2) achieve a contact task to carry out weight\u2010bearing motion and maintain stable posture. Therefore, along with dissections of the pectoral fins in two lungfish species, <jats:italic>Neoceratodus forsteri<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Protopterus aethiopicus<\/jats:italic>, we discuss the functional and evolutionary implications for the fin\u2010to\u2010limb transition and subsequent evolution of tetrapods. Anat Rec, 299:1203\u20131223, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]],"date-time":"2016-06-25T04:17:00Z","timestamp":1466828220000},"page":"1203-1223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The pectoral fin muscles of the coelacanth <i>Latimeria chalumnae<\/i>: Functional and evolutionary implications for the fin\u2010to\u2010limb transition and subsequent evolution of tetrapods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Miyake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate School of Science and Technology Keio University Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minayori","family":"Kumamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto University Kyoto 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