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In most modern mammals the zygomatic bone forms a large part of the face and usually serves as a bridge that connects the facial skeleton to the neurocranium. Our aim is to provide information on the contribution of the zygomatic bone to variation in midfacial protrusion using three samples; humans, domesticated dogs, and monkeys. In each case, variation in midface protrusion is a heritable trait produced by one of three classes of transmission: localized dysmorphology associated with single gene dysfunction, selective breeding, or long\u2010term evolution from a common ancestor. We hypothesize that the shape of the zygomatic bone reflects its role in stabilizing the connection between facial skeleton and neurocranium and consequently, changes in facial protrusion are more strongly reflected by the maxilla and premaxilla. Our geometric morphometric analyses support our hypothesis suggesting that the shape of the zygomatic bone has less to do with facial protrusion. By morphometrically dissecting the zygomatic bone we have determined a degree of modularity among parts of the midfacial skeleton suggesting that these components have the ability to vary independently and thus can evolve differentially. From these purely morphometric data, we propose that the neural crest cells that are fated to contribute to the zygomatic bone experience developmental cues that distinguish them from the maxilla and premaxilla. The spatiotemporal and molecular identity of the cues that impart zygoma progenitors with their identity remains an open question that will require alternative data sets. Anat Rec, 299:1616\u20131630, 2016. \u00a9 2016 The Authors The Anatomical Record Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T18:08:05Z","timestamp":1479319685000},"page":"1616-1630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["<scp>D<\/scp>evelopmental and <scp>E<\/scp>volutionary <scp>S<\/scp>ignificance of the <scp>Z<\/scp>ygomatic <scp>B<\/scp>one"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"Yann","family":"Heuz\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5199 PACEA, Bordeaux Archaeological Sciences Cluster of Excellence, Universit\u00e9 De Bordeaux"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Schoenebeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan T.","family":"Richtsmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32612"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.9.1475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Anon. 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