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Among the most unusual of these fossil groups is the thalattosuchians, an assemblage of marine\u2010dwellers that transitioned from semiaquatic species (teleosaurids and kin) into purely open\u2010ocean forms (metriorhynchids) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (ca 191\u2013125 million years ago). Thalattosuchians can give insight into the origin of modern crocodylian morphologies and how anatomy and behavior change during a major evolutionary transition into a new habitat. Little is known, however, about their brains, sensory systems, cranial sinuses, and vasculature. We here describe the endocranial anatomy of a well\u2010preserved specimen of the Jurassic semiaquatic teleosaurid <jats:italic>Steneosaurus<\/jats:italic> cf. <jats:italic>gracilirostris<\/jats:italic> using X\u2010ray micro\u2010CT. We find that this teleosaurid still had an ear well attuned to hear on land, but had developed large internal carotid and orbital arteries that likely supplied salt glands, previously thought to be present in only the fully pelagic metriorhynchids. There is no great gulf in endocranial anatomy between this teleosaurid and the metriorhynchids, and some of the features that later permitted metriorhynchids to invade the oceanic realm were apparently first developed in semiaquatic taxa. Compared to modern crocodylians, <jats:italic>Steneosaurus<\/jats:italic> cf. <jats:italic>gracilirostris<\/jats:italic> has a more limited set of pharyngotympanic sinuses, but it is unclear whether this relates to its aquatic habitat or represents the primitive condition of crocodylomorphs that was later elaborated. Anat Rec, 299:1511\u20131530, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T11:36:45Z","timestamp":1471433805000},"page":"1511-1530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The Braincase and Neurosensory Anatomy of an Early Jurassic Marine Crocodylomorph: Implications for Crocodylian Sinus Evolution and Sensory Transitions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Brusatte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute James Hutton Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3FE United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Museums Scotland Chambers Street Edinburgh Scotland EH1 1JF United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute James Hutton Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3FE United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute James Hutton Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3FE United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stig","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute James Hutton Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3FE United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Museums Scotland Chambers Street Edinburgh Scotland EH1 1JF United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London England SW7 5BD United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Witmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University Athens Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay, Part Two","author":"Andrews CW.","year":"1913"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14772010903537732"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[902:ANSOCD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology","author":"Busbey AB.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2015.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02802"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Sebecus, representative of a peculiar suborder of fossil Crocodilia from Patagonia","volume":"87","author":"Colbert EH.","year":"1946","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1438813"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"DufeauDL.2011. 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