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Ancestral variation in the zygoma reflects genetic variations because of genetic drift as well as natural selection and epigenetic changes to adapt to diet and climate variations with possible intensification by isolation. Prominence of the zygoma, zygomaxillary tuberosity, and malar tubercle have been associated with Eastern Asian populations in whom these features intensified. Prominence of the zygoma is also associated with groups from Eastern Europe and the rest of Asia. Diffusion of these traits occurred across the Behring Sea to the Arctic areas and to North and South America. The greatest zygomatic projections are exhibited in Arctic groups as an adaptation to extreme cold conditions, while Native South American groups also present with other features of facial robusticity. Groups from Australia, Malaysia, and Oceania show prominence of the zygoma to a certain extent, possibly because of archaic occupations by undifferentiated Southeast Asian populations. More recent interactions with Chinese groups might explain the prominent cheekbones noted in certain South African groups. Many deductions regarding evolutionary processes and diversifications of early groups have been made. Cognisance of these ancestral variations also have implications for forensic anthropological assessments as well as plastic and reconstructive surgery. More studies are needed to improve accuracy of forensic anthropological identification techniques. Anat Rec, 300:196\u2013208, 2017. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T02:15:49Z","timestamp":1482286549000},"page":"196-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Ancestral Variations in the Shape and Size of the Zygoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Oettl\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Arcadia 0007 Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice P.","family":"Demeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Arcadia 0007 Republic of South Africa"},{"name":"Mus\u00e9e de l'Homme, HNS UMR7206, 17 Place du Trocad\u00e9ro Paris 75116 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ericka N.","family":"L'abb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Arcadia 0007 Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2011.02.006","article-title":"Estimation of stature from cephalo\u2010facial dimensions by regression analysis in Indo\u2010Mauritian population","volume":"31","author":"AK Agnihotri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Genetics and Conservation: A Reference for Managing Wild Animal and Plant Populations","author":"Allendorf FW.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4116\/jaqua.30.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"748","article-title":"Variation and causal factors of craniofacial robusticity in Patagonian hunter\u2010gatherers from the late Holocene","volume":"18","author":"Bernal V","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-7406(02)00012-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Cosmesis of the Mouth, Face and Jaws","author":"Binder WJ","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5206\/uwoja.v8i1.8779","article-title":"Racial identification in the skull and teeth","volume":"8","author":"Blumenfeld J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"UWOJA"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"BuikstraJE UbelakerDH.1994. 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