{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:31:17Z","timestamp":1787920277659,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007258","name":"State University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Australopiths exhibit a number of derived facial features that are thought to strengthen the face against high and\/or repetitive loads associated with a diet that included mechanically challenging foods. Here, we use finite element analysis (FEA) to test hypotheses related to the purported strengthening role of the zygomatic root and \u201canterior pillar\u201d in australopiths. We modified our previously constructed models of Sts 5 (<jats:italic>Australopithecus africanus<\/jats:italic>) and MH1 (<jats:italic>A. sediba<\/jats:italic>) to differ in the morphology of the zygomatic root, including changes to both the shape and positioning of the zygomatic root complex, in addition to creating variants of Sts 5 lacking anterior pillars. We found that both an expanded zygomatic root and the presence of \u201canterior pillars\u201d reinforce the face against feeding loads. We also found that strain orientations are most compatible with the hypothesis that the pillar evolved to resist loads associated with premolar loading, and that this morphology has an ancillary effect of strengthening the face during all loading regimes. These results provide support for the functional hypotheses. However, we found that an anteriorly positioned zygomatic root increases strain magnitudes even in models with an inflated\/reinforced root complex. These results suggest that an anteriorly placed zygomatic root complex evolved to enhance the efficiency of bite force production while facial reinforcement features, such as the anterior pillar and the expanded zygomatic root, may have been selected for in part to compensate for the weakening effect of this facial configuration. Anat Rec, 300:171\u2013195, 2017. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T02:15:49Z","timestamp":1482286549000},"page":"171-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["<scp>T<\/scp>he <scp>B<\/scp>iomechanics of <scp>B<\/scp>ony <scp>F<\/scp>acial \u201c<scp>B<\/scp>uttresses\u201d in <scp>S<\/scp>outh <scp>A<\/scp>frican <scp>A<\/scp>ustralopiths: <scp>A<\/scp>n <scp>E<\/scp>xperimental <scp>S<\/scp>tudy <scp>U<\/scp>sing <scp>F<\/scp>inite <scp>E<\/scp>lement <scp>A<\/scp>nalysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"Justin A.","family":"Ledogar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale NSW 2351 Australia"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University at Albany Albany New 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of Anthropology Texas A&amp;M University College Station Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Dechow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Mathematics Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College Tifton Georgia 30605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"Grosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum F.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig 04103 Germany"},{"name":"Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barth W.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences Kansas City Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Mathematics Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College Tifton Georgia 30605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Byron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Mercer University Macon Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian J.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Neurobiology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los 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