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Attachment sites on neurocranium and palatal bones in temnospondyls allow the reconstruction of a powerful m. retractor bulbi and a large, sheet\u2010like m. levator bulbi that formed the elastic floor of the orbit. This muscle arrangement indicates that temnospondyls were able to retract the eyeballs through the interpterygoid vacuities into the buccal cavity, like extant frogs and salamanders. In contrast, attachment sites on palate and neurocranium suggest a rather sauropsid\u2010like arrangement of these muscles in stem\u2010tetrapods and stem\u2010amniotes. However, the anteriorly enlarged, huge interpterygoid vacuities of long\u2010snouted stereospondyls suggest that eye retraction was not the only function of the vacuities here, since the eye\u2010muscles filled only the posterior part of the vacuities. We propose an association of the vacuities in temnospondyls with a long, preorbital part of the m. adductor mandibulae internus (AMIa). The trochlea\u2010like, anterior edge of the adductor chamber suggests that a tendon of the AMIa was redirected in an anteromedial direction in the preorbital skull and dorsal to the pterygoids. This tendon then unfolded into a wide aponeurosis bearing the flattened AMIa that filled almost the complete interpterygoid vacuities anterior to the orbits. Our muscle reconstructions permit comprehensive insights to the comparative soft tissue anatomy of early tetrapods and provide the basis for a biomechanic analysis of biting performances in the future. Anat Rec, 300:1240\u20131269, 2017. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]],"date-time":"2017-02-21T10:04:29Z","timestamp":1487671469000},"page":"1240-1269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Palatal Interpterygoid Vacuities of Temnospondyls and the Implications for the Associated Eye\u2010 and Jaw Musculature"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Witzmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence Rhode Island"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Invalidenstra\u00dfe 43 Berlin 10115 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingmar","family":"Werneburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Invalidenstra\u00dfe 43 Berlin 10115 Germany"},{"name":"Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) at Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t Sigwartstra\u00dfe 10 T\u00fcbingen 72076 Germany"},{"name":"Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen H\u00f6lderlinstra\u00dfe 12 T\u00fcbingen 72074 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Early development of the mammalian superficial masseter muscle in cynodonts","volume":"40","author":"Abdala F","year":"2004","journal-title":"Palaeontol Afr"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381061a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The lower jaw of cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida) and the evolutionary origin of mammal\u2010like adductor jaw musculature","volume":"116","author":"Barghusen HR.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Postilla"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Morphology of the maxillo\u2010mandibular apparatus","author":"Barghusen HR.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"823","article-title":"The adductor jaw musculature of Dimetrodon (Reptilia, Pelycosauria)","volume":"47","author":"Barghusen HR.","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1977.0099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02529.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00007450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1987.tb00888.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Handbuch der Pal\u00e4oherpetologie, vol. 1: Lepospondyli","author":"Bossy KA","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Ein bemerkenswerter Sch\u00e4delrest eines unterpermischen Labyrinthodontiers (Amphibia) aus dem Saargebiet","volume":"60","author":"Boy JA.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Abhandlungen Hessischen Landesamtes Bodenforschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02989838"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04196"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"735","article-title":"The cranial muscles of the Gecko, a general account, with a comparison of the muscles in other gnathostomes","volume":"108","author":"Brock GT.","year":"1938","journal-title":"Proc Zool Soc Lond Ser B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"BurkardO.1902. 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