{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:00:29Z","timestamp":1793829629922,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Faculty Research of Tarleton State University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heterotopic ossification (HO) occurs when soft tissues are inappropriately converted to bony tissue. Several human diseases result in HO with few reliable treatment options. Animal models that naturally produce dermal ectopic bone (i.e., osteoderms), such as crocodilians, have never been utilized as models for studying these disorders in humans. Here, a histological evaluation and staging criteria for osteoderm development is described for the first time in the American alligator (<jats:italic>Alligator mississipiensis<\/jats:italic>). Differential staining and immunohistochemistry of alligator scales depict a progressive change during development, where woven bone forms from the differentiated dermis. Bone formation proceeds <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> intramembranous ossification, which is initiated in part by endothelial cell precursors that undergo endothelial\u2010to\u2010mesenchymal transition and eventually acquire an osteoblast phenotype. As such, the development of osteoderms in the American alligator bears morphological and mechanistic similarities to HO in humans, presenting a potential model for future study of soft tissue mineralization pathologies and providing insight into the morphological and molecular development of osteoderms in other vertebrate lineages. Anat Rec, 2017. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:56\u201376, 2018. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T12:26:37Z","timestamp":1503577597000},"page":"56-76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Natural development of dermal ectopic bone in the american alligator (<i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>) resembles heterotopic ossification disorders in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"301","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-1881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke H.","family":"Dubansky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Public Health Tarleton State University 1501 Enderly Place, Fort Worth Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Dubansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas, 1511 W. 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