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Some authors have suggested that these abnormalities may be associated with intestinal motility. This study analyzed the nitrergic and cholinergic neurons and P2X7 receptor expression in the myenteric plexus of the ileum and distal colon of dogs with muscular dystrophy. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to detect nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and acetylcholine transferase (ChAT) expression and to label all HuC\/D\u2010 and P2X7 receptor\u2010immunoreactive (IR) neurons. Transmission electron microscopy and basic histology were performed for further analysis. The results showed that nitrergic neurons exhibited a Dogiel type I morphology in the ileum and distal colon. The neuronal profile results showed that there were fewer NOS\u2010, ChAT\u2010, and HuC\/D\u2010IR neurons in the ileum than in the distal colon in the dystrophic (DT) dogs. Additionally, there were more NOS\u2010, ChAT\u2010 and HuC\/D\u2010IR neurons per ganglion in the distal colon than in the ileum. The P2X7 receptor\u2010expressing neurons colocalized with nitrergic and cholinergic neurons. Transmission and light microscopy revealed collagen between the muscle fibers, between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and within the myenteric ganglia of dogs with muscular dystrophy. These findings provide a morphological description of the myenteric neurons in the ileum and distal colon of these DT dogs and may contribute to a better understanding of the gastrointestinal disorders found in patients with DMD. Anat Rec, 301:673\u2013685, 2018. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]],"date-time":"2017-10-23T18:26:51Z","timestamp":1508783211000},"page":"673-685","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Morphological Characterization of the Myenteric Plexus of the Ileum and Distal colon of Dogs Affected by Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara Tavares","family":"Sch\u00c4fer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana P\u00f3voa","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Palombit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy\/Biomedical Sciences Institute University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Brazil"},{"name":"Deparment of Morphology University Federal do Piaui Teresina\u2010PI Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina Eus\u00e9bio","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy\/Biomedical Sciences Institute University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ii Sei","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy\/Biomedical Sciences Institute University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Miglino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7475-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Castelucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy\/Biomedical Sciences Institute University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.10.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","DOI":"10.4238\/vol8-2gmr581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Changes in the musculature of the GIT and in the myocardium in progressive muscular dystrophy","volume":"40","author":"Bevans M.","year":"1945","journal-title":"Arch Path"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(95)00251-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092300314"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-013-9397-9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.05.031"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0615-y"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-002-0404-4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-0075-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1998.39.2.175"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","DOI":"10.1038\/334154a0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-014-1270-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.3.1810807"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2005.06.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.09.070"},{"volume-title":"The enteric nervous system","year":"2006","author":"Furness JB.","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.32"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2010001200011"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.04.004"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00294-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1620-z"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","DOI":"10.1159\/000213852"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.03.003"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"234","article-title":"Smooth muscle involvement in primary muscle disease. 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