{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:06:25Z","timestamp":1783775185226,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The triceps brachii muscle occupies the posterior compartment of the arm in humans and has three heads. The lateral and medial heads originate from the humerus and the long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. All heads form a common tendon that inserts onto the olecranon and the deep antebrachial fascia on each side of it. Each head receives its own motor branch, which all are thought to originate from the radial nerve. However, several studies reported that the motor branch of the long head of the triceps (LHT) arises from the axillary nerve or the posterior cord. Here, we dissected 27 triceps in 15 cadavers to analyze the innervation of the LHT and found only radial innervation, which contradicts those studies. We examined studies reporting that the motor branch to the LHT in humans does not arise from the radial nerve as well as studies of the triceps in primates. Occasional variations of the innervation of skeletal muscles are normal, but a change of principal motor innervation from radial to axillary nerve has important implications. This is because the axillary nerve is often involved during shoulder injuries. The precise identification of the prevalence of axillary versus radial innervation is therefore clinically relevant for surgery, nerve drafting, and occupational and physical therapy. We conclude that the primary motor branch to the LHT arises from the radial nerve but axillary\/posterior cord innervations occur occasionally. We suggest the development of a standard methodology for further studies. Anat Rec, 301:473\u2013483, 2018. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T06:40:12Z","timestamp":1518072012000},"page":"473-483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Innervation of the Long Head of the Triceps Brachii in Humans\u2014A Fresh Look"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Wade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur R.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1264-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine M.","family":"Ziermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Grant's Atlas of Anatomy","author":"Agur AMR","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Morris\u2019 Human Anatomy, A Complete Systematic Treatise","author":"Anson BJ","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199609000-00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2003.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/08\/0370"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-006-9004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-004-0253-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology: An Evolutionary and Developmental Guide for Medical Students","author":"Diogo R","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b11605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy for Students","author":"Drake RL","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627959"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-5146-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1997)10:4<259::AID-CA8>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802653-3.00087-7","volume-title":"Nerve and Nerve Injuries","author":"Goubier J\u2010N","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20850","article-title":"Development and clinical significance of the musculus dorsoepitrochlearis in men","volume":"22","author":"Haninec P","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"The Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta","author":"Hartman CG","year":"1933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-5167-7","article-title":"CORR Insights\u00ae: variations in the innervation of the long head of the triceps brachii: a cadaveric investigation","volume":"475","author":"Howard MB","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2014.890668"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2012.25.1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200106000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Shoulder and Elbow Trauma and its Complications - 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